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. 2025 Apr 4;52(10):3653–3661. doi: 10.1007/s00259-025-07240-z

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Graphic workflow of pre- and intra-operative imaging, surgical approach and histopathology. A Needle puncturing the bladder wall during flexible cystoscopy for injection of the hybrid tracer ICG-^99mTc-nanocolloid. B SPECT/CT showing bilateral SNs (C) Patients underwent either open or robotic surgery, aided by intra-operative radioactivity and (D) intra-operative fluorescence. E Histopathology evaluation of SN specimen. In brown Keratine AE 13/1 staining, containing metastasis. Abbreviations: ICG = indocyanin green, SPECT/CT = Single photon emission computed tomography – computed tomography, SN = sentinel node, PLND = pelvic lymph node dissection