Table 1.

Summary table of studies (n = 40)

Study	Study design	Country	Age	Sample size	N (%) PTSD	PTSD tool assessment	Birth outcome measurement tool	Statistical analysis/ Testing method
Blackmore et al. [18]	Prospective Cohort	USA	Mean Age 24.42 (SD = 3.74)	358	139 (38.8%)	DSM	Obstetric outcomes were defined according to standard definitions and maternal and infant case notes reviewed by a maternal fetal specialist (E.K.P.)	Pearson’s χ2 analysis
Engel et al. [19]	Prospective Cohort	USA	Age Range: 18+	54	4 (7%)	PCL	Medical Records	Multivariable linear regression
Ferri et al. [20]	Prospective Cohort	Brazil	Age Range: 16–19	912	91 (10%)	CIDI	Hospital Interviews	Prevalence Ratios
Gelaye et al. [21]	Prospective Cohort	Peru	Mean Age: 27.9 years (SD = 6.1)	4408	1519 (34.4%)	PCL	Medical Records	beta coefficients (β) odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)
Koen et al. [22]	Prospective Cohort	outh Africa	Median = 29 years	544	108 (19.9%)	MINI	Medical Records	Regression Models
Lipkind et al. [23]	Case Control	USA	Age Range: = 18 - ≥ 35)	446	61 (12%)	PCL	Medical Records	multiple regression analysis
Maslow et al. [24]	Prospective Cohort	USA	Age Range: 15–49 years	3360	449(13.4%)	PCL	Medical Records	χ2 analysis, t tests, and generalized estimating equations (GEEs)
Morland et al. [25]	Prospective Cohort	USA	Mean Age = 27 Years	101	16 (16%)	PCL	A labor-and-delivery checklist, medical records	Descriptive and bivariate statistical analysis, including χ2 tests
Rashind et al. [26]	Case control	Pakistan	Age Range: = 20- ≥ 35)	450	84(18.7%)	MINI	Medical Records	Logistic regression analysis and univariate analysis
Rogal et al. [27]	Prospective Cohort	USA	Mean Age = 24.3 years (with PTSD) Mean Age = 24.5 (no PTSD)	1100	31 (3%)	MINI	Medical Records	χ2 test for two proportions
Rosen et al. [28]	Retrospective Cohort	USA	mean age = 25.9 years	148	38(25.7%)	University of Michigan Composite International Diagnostic Interview (UM-CIDI)	Medical Records	T tests and χ2 analysis
Seng et al. [29]	Prospective Cohort	USA	Unknown	839	98 (12%)	National Women’s Study PTSD Module	Medical Records	linear regression models
Weinreb et al. [31]	Case control	USA	Mean age = 26.3 Case Mean Age = 29.4 control	149	68(45.6%)	Four-item Primary Care-PTSD Screen	Medical Records	Propensity scores using logistic regression, Chi-square analyses, Repeated Measures Analyses of Variance (RM- ANOVA) and effect sizes
Xiong et al. [32]	Prospective Cohort	USA	Mean or range unknown (Range = 18 to  ≥ 35)	277	13 (5%)	PCL	Medical Records	Chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression
Feeley et al. [33]	Cross-Sectional	Canada	Mean Age = 31	21	5 (24%)	PPQ	Medical Records	Descriptive statistics were computed for all variables, and Pearson product–moment correlations.
Harville et al. [34]	Prospective Cohort	USA	Age Range 18+	297	27(9%)	PCL	Medical Records	Bivariate and multivariable associations were examined using linear (for continuous) and logistic (for dichotomous) models
Haviland et al. [51]	Prospective Cohort	USA	Median = 33.2 years	787	157(20%)	Cohen’s 4-item Perceived Stress Scale	medical records	multiple imputation
Lutgendorf et al. [35]	Retrospective Cohort	USA	Age Range: = 17 - ≥ 35)	103,221	1657(2%)	ICD-9-CM code 309.81	medical records and ICD9CM code	Descriptive statistics and multivariable log-binomial regression
MacGinty et al. [36]	Prospective Cohort	South Africa	26 years	961	197(20%)	The Self-Reporting Questionnaire 20-item (SRQ-20)	Medical Records,	Linear regression models and multivariable models, Q-Q plot and Shapiro Wilk test, and VIF to check for multicollinearity
Yonkers et al. [50]	Prospective Cohort	USA	Mean Unknown (Range = ≤ 25 to ≥ 35 years)	2487	129 (5%)	Antenatal PTSD MPSS	Taken from self-report questionnaire and data from medical records	recursive partitioning, simple, and multivariable logistic regression analysis
Shaw et al. [38]	Retrospective Cohort	USA	Mean Unknown (Range =  19–40 +  years)	16,334	30,149(19%)	ICD-9 diagnostic codes	Medical Records	unadjusted χ2 test bivariate analysis, and adjusted multivariate logistic regression
Parfitt et al. [39]	Prospective Cohort	UK	Mean Age = 33 years	45 dyads	Unknown	PDS	Parent-child interaction coded using CARE Index procedure	χ2 test Mann–Whitney
Parfitt & Ayers [40]	Retrospective Cohort	UK	Mean Age = 30 Years	151	8 (5%)	PDS	PBQ	Mann–Whitney U-tests, χ2 analyses, Spearman’s (r) rank order correlation test
Muller-Nix et al. [41]	Prospective Cohort (case-control?)	Switzerland	High preterm risk = 32 years Low preterm risk = 31 years Full term = 32 years	72 dyads (36 mothers, 36 infants)	High risk = 11(39%) Low risk = 4 (21% of mothers) Full term = 1 (4% of mothers)	Perinatal Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS)	CARE Index procedure	Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) Post-hoc test (Tukey). Item correlations regression analysis
yers et al. [11]	Cross Sectional	UK	Mean Age = 32 Years	64 families	3 (5%)	IES	Bethlehem Mother- Infant Interaction Scale	Wilcoxon signed ranks test, Spearman’s correlation. Multiple regression
Davies et al. [42]	Cross Sectional	UK	Fully Symptomatic (FS) = 26 years Partially Symptomatic (PS) = 30 years Non Symptomatic (NS) = 30 years	211	FT = 8 (3.8%) PS = 45 (21.3%)	PDSQ	MORS-SF ICQ MPAS	Scheffe ´ test, Descriptive statistics
Seng et al. [15]	Prospective Cohort	USA	Mean Age = 27 Years	566	43(7%)	(Perinatal PTSD) National Women’s Study PTSD Module	PBQ	Pearson R
Ionio et al. [43]	Prospective Cohort	Italy	Mean Age = 32.63 Years	58 dyads (29 mothers, 29 infants)	2 days postpartum =  2 (10.5% of mothers) 2 months postpartum =  4 (21.2% of mothers)	Perinatal Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire (PPQ)	SFP coded using IRSS and MRSS	t-test and pearsons correlation
Parfit et al. [41]	Prospective Cohort	UK	Mean Age = 33 Years	75 dyads	Unknown	Perinatal Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS)	ICQ PBQ	Spearman’s (rho) rank order correlation test. Paired-samples T-tests
Mcdonald et al. [44]	Cross-Sectional	UK	Mean Age = 32 years	81	14 (17%)	Postpartum PTSD) PTSDQ IES	MORS-SF PSI-SF	correlation and hierarchical multiple regression (HMRA). Spearman’s correlation coefficient
Beck et al. [45]	Cross-Sectional	USA	Unknown	903	Unknown	PSS-SR	Created questionnaire to abstract 23 new-onset physical problem after childbirth within first two months postpartum	Chi-square, Pearson product-moment correlation, t test, stepwise multiple regression, and hierarchical multiple regression analyses
Halperin et al. [46]	Prospective Cohort	Israel	Mean Age = 28.95 years	171	16 (9%)	PSS-SR	Child birth variables collected from self-report questionnaire 24–28 h after childbirth	series of t-tests, haierarchical linear regression in four steps. PTSD symptoms were used as a continuous variable.
Campbell et al. [47]	Prospective Cohort	USA	Age Range: 18+	445	19(4%)	PCL	Infant Behavior Questionnaire — Revised (IBQ-R)	Analysis of variance [ANOVA] with Bonferroni-adjusted p < 0.05 for all stress measures, WQS mixtures model
Bosquet Enlow et al. [48]	Prospective Cohort	USA	Mean Age = 27 Years	52 dyads	14 (27%)	PCL-C	IBQ-R ITSEA SFP-R	Mann–Whitney U tests SFP-R, mixed models and correlaiton
Parfitt et al. [39]	Prospective Cohort	UK	Unknown	42 families	Unknown	Birmingham Interview of Maternal Mental Health	ICQ PBQ	statistical Spearman’s (rho) rank order correlation test, mean ANOVA and multiple regression methods
Pierrehumbert et al. [14]	Prospective Cohort	Switzerland	Parent of high risk of preterm infant =  31 years Parent of low risk of preterm infant =  30 years Control = 32 years	75 families	Unknown	PPQ	SCL	r correlation coefficients and t tests
Yehuda et al. [16]	Prospective Cohort	USA	Unknown	38 dyads	Unknown	PCL	level of cortisol	Pearson’s correlational analyses, F test
Nillni et al. [17]	Prospective Cohort	USA	Mean Age = 298 Years	318	Unknown	Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD)	Medical records	logistic regressions, one linear regression and Spearman’s rho correlations
Seng et al. [30]*	Cross-Sectional	USA	Mean Age = 23.3 years (PTSD) 24.0 years (comparison)	1093	455 (42%)	(Antenatal PTSD) ICD-9 code taken from clinical records	Rates of hospital coding for obstetric complications	logistic regression
Shaw et al. [49]	Retrospective Cohort	USA	19–48+	4408	1519(34%)	ICD-9 diagnostic codes	medical records	multivariable-modified Poisson regression

Abbreviations: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-(PCL), Perinatal Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS), Impact of Event Scale (IES), Perinatal Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire (PPQ), Postpartum PTSD questionnaire scores (PTSDQ), Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), PTSD Scale-Self Report for DSM-5 (PSS-SR), Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), The Self-Reporting Questionnaire 20-item (SRQ-20), Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD), International Diagnostic Code Descriptions (ICD-9)