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. 2025 Jul 26;2025:7504207. doi: 10.1155/anu/7504207

Table 1.

Formulation, proximate composition (%), amino acid ratio (A/E) profile, and fatty acids (%) profile of the experimental diets Control, 0%FMFO, IM and TM.a,b

Ingredients (%) Control 0%FMFO IM TM
Formulation
 Fish meal organicc 26.55 0 8.47 14.36
 Krill hydrolysate 0 2.07 2.11 2.11
 Schizochytrium limacinum d 0 7.99 0 0
 Phaeodactylum tricornutum e 0 7.78 0 0
 Hermetia illucens f 0 20.75 21.14 0
 Ciona intestinalis g 0 20.75 0 21.12
 Wheat gluten 17.97 15.32 17.45 19.53
 Wheat 17.1 5.19 12.05 5.28
 Horsebeans 16.99 2.07 16.91 14.79
 Rapeseed lecithin 1.06 1.35 0.9 1.8
 Fish oil organich 10.42 0 12.1 9.47
 Rapeseed oil 1.02 4.57 0 1.19
 Linseed oil 0.15 1.85 0 0.9
 Histidine 0.82 0.62 0.59 0.81
 L-Lys 79% 0.71 0.76 0.72 0.74
 L-Threonine 0.41 0.21 0.4 0.31
 DL-Methionine 0.25 0.35 0.37 0.31
 Choline chloride 0.53 0.52 0.53 0.53
 Vitamin premixi 2.65 2.59 2.64 2.64
 Mineral premixj 2.93 2.40 2.71 3.13
 Vitamin C 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
 Cholesterol 0.53 0.52 0.53 0.53
 Water −0.14 2.30 0.35 0.41
Proximate composition in DM
 Moisture 7.5 6.5 9.5 7.7
 Proteins 46.4 43.6 43.7 43.3
 Lipids 15.4 15.0 15.2 14.3
 Ash 6.7 11.5 5.9 11.1
 Energy (Kj/g) 22.6 21.6 23.2 21.7
Amino acid ratio (A/E) profile
 EAA ratio (% of total EAA)k
  Arginine 12.03 10.79 11.26 11.39
  Histidine 7.59 7.27 5.29 6.20
  Isoleucine 8.26 8.74 8.61 9.08
  Leucine 15.95 14.93 15.64 16.40
  Lysine 14.15 12.55 13.53 13.21
  Methionine 5.37 4.96 5.90 5.18
  Phenylalanine 9.76 10.28 10.01 10.26
  Threonine 10.07 9.71 9.80 10.20
  Valine 9.91 11.01 10.61 10.52
  Tyrosine 6.92 9.76 9.36 7.57
 NEAA ratio (% of total NEAA)l
  Alanine 10.35 9.66 9.87 9.16
  Aspartic acid 13.82 15.76 14.23 13.94
  Glycine 9.06 9.56 9.11 8.76
  Serine 9.02 9.20 9.44 9.41
  Glutamic acid 44.16 40.32 42.36 44.34
  Hydroxyproline 0.89 1.02 0.95 1.01
  Proline 14.30 14.74 14.90 14.54
  Cystein + cystine 2.66 3.16 2.69 3.43
  Ornithine 0.22 0.25 0.24 0.25
  EAA/NEAA 0.86 0.89 0.87 0.80
Fatty acids (% of total)
 12:0 1.7 1.53
 14:0 4.96 2.41 5.77 5.32
 14:01 0.04 0.05 0.04
 15:0 0.35 0.82 0.35 0.42
 16:0 13.61 23.21 14.7 14.87
 16:1n−7 3.39 2.54 4.06 3.52
 16:1n−9 0.14 0.06 0.2 0.14
 17:0 0.18 0.41 0.19 0.24
 17:1n−7 0.2 0.2
 18:0 1.67 2.32 1.67 2.31
 18:1n−7 1.92 2.09 1.65 2.20
 18:1n−9 17.42 28.03 14.65 21.35
 18:2n−6 10.08 15.68 10.52 6.77
 18:3n−3 2.21 9.23 1.63 1.56
 18:3n−6 0.05 0.06
 18:4n−3 1.84 0.18 1.97 0.41
 20:0 0.26 0.44 0.23 0.38
 20:1n−9 10.56 1.13 10.58 10.54
 20:1n−11 0.91 0.13 1.05 1.24
 20:2n−6 0.15 0.14
 20:3n−3 0.05
 20:4n−6 0.23 0.36 0.21
 20:5n−3 4.14 1.25 4.12 3.76
 22:0 0.14 0.22 0.13 0.25
 22:1n−7 1.42 0.16 1.22 1.62
 22:1n−9 17.2 0.93 17.05 17.36
 22:5n−3 0.38 0.37
 22:6n−3 5.43 6.48 4.78 4.93
 24:1n−9 0.99 0.18 0.81 0.92
 Total n−3 14.07 17.16 12.87 10.67
 Total n−6 10.52 16.05 10.93 6.77
n−3/n−6 1.34 1.07 1.18 1.58

aMore details on the proximate composition, amino acid, fatty acid profile, et cetera, of the algae meal, Schizochytrium sp. meal, insect meal, and tunicate meal, that were used in this study, someone can find in supplementation materials in Kousoulaki et al. [46].

bThe amino acids histidine, L-lysine, L-threonine, and DL-methionine were added in all diets in order to meet Sparus aurata amino acid requirements.

cPelagia (Egersund, Norway).

dAlltech Inc. (Dunboyne, Ireland).

eNORCE (Bergen, Norway).

fINNOVAFEED (Gouzeaucourt, France).

gMarine Feed AB (Stenungsund, Sweden).

hMåløy (Norway).

iVitamin premix consisted of biotin, folic acid, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxin, riboflavin, thiamin, vitamin B12, tocopherol acetate, and vitamin K.

jMineral premix consisted of Se, Cu, Mn, and Zn in organic form.

kEAA of each essential amino acid = essential amino acid/sum of essential amino acids × 100.

lNEAA of each nonessential amino acid = nonessential amino acid/sum of nonessential amino acids × 100.