Table 1.
Formulation, proximate composition (%), amino acid ratio (A/E) profile, and fatty acids (%) profile of the experimental diets Control, 0%FMFO, IM and TM.a,b
| Ingredients (%) | Control | 0%FMFO | IM | TM |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formulation | ||||
| Fish meal organicc | 26.55 | 0 | 8.47 | 14.36 |
| Krill hydrolysate | 0 | 2.07 | 2.11 | 2.11 |
| Schizochytrium limacinum d | 0 | 7.99 | 0 | 0 |
| Phaeodactylum tricornutum e | 0 | 7.78 | 0 | 0 |
| Hermetia illucens f | 0 | 20.75 | 21.14 | 0 |
| Ciona intestinalis g | 0 | 20.75 | 0 | 21.12 |
| Wheat gluten | 17.97 | 15.32 | 17.45 | 19.53 |
| Wheat | 17.1 | 5.19 | 12.05 | 5.28 |
| Horsebeans | 16.99 | 2.07 | 16.91 | 14.79 |
| Rapeseed lecithin | 1.06 | 1.35 | 0.9 | 1.8 |
| Fish oil organich | 10.42 | 0 | 12.1 | 9.47 |
| Rapeseed oil | 1.02 | 4.57 | 0 | 1.19 |
| Linseed oil | 0.15 | 1.85 | 0 | 0.9 |
| Histidine | 0.82 | 0.62 | 0.59 | 0.81 |
| L-Lys 79% | 0.71 | 0.76 | 0.72 | 0.74 |
| L-Threonine | 0.41 | 0.21 | 0.4 | 0.31 |
| DL-Methionine | 0.25 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.31 |
| Choline chloride | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.53 |
| Vitamin premixi | 2.65 | 2.59 | 2.64 | 2.64 |
| Mineral premixj | 2.93 | 2.40 | 2.71 | 3.13 |
| Vitamin C | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| Cholesterol | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.53 |
| Water | −0.14 | 2.30 | 0.35 | 0.41 |
| Proximate composition in DM | ||||
| Moisture | 7.5 | 6.5 | 9.5 | 7.7 |
| Proteins | 46.4 | 43.6 | 43.7 | 43.3 |
| Lipids | 15.4 | 15.0 | 15.2 | 14.3 |
| Ash | 6.7 | 11.5 | 5.9 | 11.1 |
| Energy (Kj/g) | 22.6 | 21.6 | 23.2 | 21.7 |
| Amino acid ratio (A/E) profile | ||||
| EAA ratio (% of total EAA)k | ||||
| Arginine | 12.03 | 10.79 | 11.26 | 11.39 |
| Histidine | 7.59 | 7.27 | 5.29 | 6.20 |
| Isoleucine | 8.26 | 8.74 | 8.61 | 9.08 |
| Leucine | 15.95 | 14.93 | 15.64 | 16.40 |
| Lysine | 14.15 | 12.55 | 13.53 | 13.21 |
| Methionine | 5.37 | 4.96 | 5.90 | 5.18 |
| Phenylalanine | 9.76 | 10.28 | 10.01 | 10.26 |
| Threonine | 10.07 | 9.71 | 9.80 | 10.20 |
| Valine | 9.91 | 11.01 | 10.61 | 10.52 |
| Tyrosine | 6.92 | 9.76 | 9.36 | 7.57 |
| NEAA ratio (% of total NEAA)l | ||||
| Alanine | 10.35 | 9.66 | 9.87 | 9.16 |
| Aspartic acid | 13.82 | 15.76 | 14.23 | 13.94 |
| Glycine | 9.06 | 9.56 | 9.11 | 8.76 |
| Serine | 9.02 | 9.20 | 9.44 | 9.41 |
| Glutamic acid | 44.16 | 40.32 | 42.36 | 44.34 |
| Hydroxyproline | 0.89 | 1.02 | 0.95 | 1.01 |
| Proline | 14.30 | 14.74 | 14.90 | 14.54 |
| Cystein + cystine | 2.66 | 3.16 | 2.69 | 3.43 |
| Ornithine | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.25 |
| EAA/NEAA | 0.86 | 0.89 | 0.87 | 0.80 |
| Fatty acids (% of total) | ||||
| 12:0 | — | 1.7 | 1.53 | — |
| 14:0 | 4.96 | 2.41 | 5.77 | 5.32 |
| 14:01 | 0.04 | — | 0.05 | 0.04 |
| 15:0 | 0.35 | 0.82 | 0.35 | 0.42 |
| 16:0 | 13.61 | 23.21 | 14.7 | 14.87 |
| 16:1n−7 | 3.39 | 2.54 | 4.06 | 3.52 |
| 16:1n−9 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.2 | 0.14 |
| 17:0 | 0.18 | 0.41 | 0.19 | 0.24 |
| 17:1n−7 | 0.2 | — | 0.2 | — |
| 18:0 | 1.67 | 2.32 | 1.67 | 2.31 |
| 18:1n−7 | 1.92 | 2.09 | 1.65 | 2.20 |
| 18:1n−9 | 17.42 | 28.03 | 14.65 | 21.35 |
| 18:2n−6 | 10.08 | 15.68 | 10.52 | 6.77 |
| 18:3n−3 | 2.21 | 9.23 | 1.63 | 1.56 |
| 18:3n−6 | 0.05 | — | 0.06 | — |
| 18:4n−3 | 1.84 | 0.18 | 1.97 | 0.41 |
| 20:0 | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.23 | 0.38 |
| 20:1n−9 | 10.56 | 1.13 | 10.58 | 10.54 |
| 20:1n−11 | 0.91 | 0.13 | 1.05 | 1.24 |
| 20:2n−6 | 0.15 | — | 0.14 | — |
| 20:3n−3 | 0.05 | — | — | — |
| 20:4n−6 | 0.23 | 0.36 | 0.21 | — |
| 20:5n−3 | 4.14 | 1.25 | 4.12 | 3.76 |
| 22:0 | 0.14 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.25 |
| 22:1n−7 | 1.42 | 0.16 | 1.22 | 1.62 |
| 22:1n−9 | 17.2 | 0.93 | 17.05 | 17.36 |
| 22:5n−3 | 0.38 | — | 0.37 | — |
| 22:6n−3 | 5.43 | 6.48 | 4.78 | 4.93 |
| 24:1n−9 | 0.99 | 0.18 | 0.81 | 0.92 |
| Total n−3 | 14.07 | 17.16 | 12.87 | 10.67 |
| Total n−6 | 10.52 | 16.05 | 10.93 | 6.77 |
| n−3/n−6 | 1.34 | 1.07 | 1.18 | 1.58 |
aMore details on the proximate composition, amino acid, fatty acid profile, et cetera, of the algae meal, Schizochytrium sp. meal, insect meal, and tunicate meal, that were used in this study, someone can find in supplementation materials in Kousoulaki et al. [46].
bThe amino acids histidine, L-lysine, L-threonine, and DL-methionine were added in all diets in order to meet Sparus aurata amino acid requirements.
cPelagia (Egersund, Norway).
dAlltech Inc. (Dunboyne, Ireland).
eNORCE (Bergen, Norway).
fINNOVAFEED (Gouzeaucourt, France).
gMarine Feed AB (Stenungsund, Sweden).
hMåløy (Norway).
iVitamin premix consisted of biotin, folic acid, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxin, riboflavin, thiamin, vitamin B12, tocopherol acetate, and vitamin K.
jMineral premix consisted of Se, Cu, Mn, and Zn in organic form.
kEAA of each essential amino acid = essential amino acid/sum of essential amino acids × 100.
lNEAA of each nonessential amino acid = nonessential amino acid/sum of nonessential amino acids × 100.