. 2025 Jul 26;2025:7504207. doi: 10.1155/anu/7504207

Table 2.

Growth performance, nutrient utilization, and somatic indices, proximate composition (% of wet weight), essential amino acid ratio (% of total essential amino acids), and fatty acid profile of Sparus aurata white muscle under the effect of experimental diets.

	Control	0%FMFO	IM	TM
Growth performance, nutrient utilization, and somatic indices
Final weight (g)	28.41^c ± 0.43	28.86^c ± 0.47	26.4^b ± 0.47	19.83^a ± 0.37
Weight gain (g)	21.87^c ± 0.43	22.19^c ± 0.47	19.84^b ± 0.47	13.30^a ± 0.37
Feed intake (g/fish)	17.95^b,c ± 0.42	19.36^c ± 0.75	16.56^b ± 0.43	13.96^a ± 0.53
Voluntary feed intake (VFI, %BW/day)	1.62^a,b ± 0.02	1.73^c ± 0.02	1.59^a ± 0.02	1.69^b,c ± 0.02
SGR (%/day)	2.25^c ± 0.02	2.21^c ± 0.02	2.09^b ± 0.02	1.65^a ± 0.03
FCR	0.89^a ± 0.02	0.95^a ± 0.02	0.93^a ± 0.3	1.51^b ± 0.23
PER	2.62^b ± 0.05	2.62^b ± 0.05	2.73^b ± 0.06	2.19^a ± 0.06
LER	7.85^b ± 0.15	7.59^b ± 0.15	7.84^b ± 0.18	6.64^a ± 0.18
Survival (%)	91.71^a ± 2.88	97.82^a ± 0.58	95.86^a ± 1.44	96.13^a ± 1.09
Hepatosomatic index	2.58^a ± 0.37	2.62^a ± 0.19	2.83^a ± 0.36	3.31^a ± 0.31
Proximate composition (% of wet weight)
Moisture	72.81^b ± 0.4	72.34^a,b ± 0.4	71.1^a ± 0.44	74.76^c ± 0.43
Proteins	18.05^a ± 0.06	18.46^a ± 0.01	18.32^a ± 0.13	18.02^a ± 0.09
Lipids	6.87^b ± 0.04	6.74^b ± 0.18	8.47^c ±0.14	5.11^a ± 0.06
Energy (kJ/g)	7.09^b ± 0.00	7.10^b ± 0.02	7.68^c ± 0.01	6.27^a ± 0.00
Ash	1.24^a ± 0.05	1.43^a,b ± 0.04	1.40^a,b ± 0.04	1.50^b ± 0.06
Essential amino acid ratio (% of total essential amino acids)
EAA ratio (% of total EAA)¹
Arginine	15.01	13.30	13.92	14.87
Histidine	1.88	2.70	2.56	2.67
Isoleucine	9.29	9.68	9.43	9.09
Leucine	18.19	17.93	17.89	17.92
Lysine	18.05	18.26	18.75	19.43
Methionine	0.33	0.33	0.34	0.29
Phenylalanine	9.84	9.72	9.56	9.35
Threonine	8.18	9.03	8.47	8.25
Valine	12.72	12.75	12.58	11.94
Tyrosine	6.51	6.29	6.51	6.19
NEAA ratio (% of total NEAA)²
Alanine	8.89	9.56	9.29	8.57
Aspartic acid	22.23	25.67	21.60	24.48
Glycine	22.56	18.55	25.97	23.35
Serine	8.07	7.91	6.53	7.89
Glutamic acid	27.36	27.13	26.06	25.36
Proline	10.90	11.17	10.55	10.35
Fatty acids (% of total)
12:0	—	1.57^b ± 0.04	0.69^a ± 0.24	0.27^a ± 0.01
14:0	4.12^b ±0.14	2.46^a ± 0.04	4.10^b ± 0.44	2.84^a,b ± 0.06
14:01	0.09^a ± 0.02	0.05^a ± 0.00	0.08^a ± 0.01	0.06^a ± 0.00
15:0	0.29^a ± 0.01	0.48^b ± 0.01	0.31^a ± 0.00	0.34^a ± 0.00
16:0	18.30^b ± 0.23	16.70^a ±0.20	18.37^b ± 0.29	17.70^a,b ±0.08
16:1n−7	5.39^a ± 0.26	4.47^a ± 0.09	5.28^a ± 0.03	4.51^a ± 0.06
16:1n−9	0.61^a ± 0.00	0.40^a ± 0.06	0.49^a ± 0.05	0.57^a ± 0.01
17:0	0.14^a ± 0.00	0.30^c ± 0.01	0.18^a,b ± 0.01	0.21^b ± 0.00
17:1n−7	0.22^a,b ± 0.00	0.17^a ± 0.01	0.23^b ± 0.01	0.21^a,b ± 0.00
18:0	3.05^a ± 0.30	3.38^a ± 0.01	3.14^a ± 0.13	3.39^a ± 0.05
18:1n−7	2.70^a ± 0.12	2.71^a ± 0.04	2.51^a ± 0.02	2.80^a ± 0.05
18:1n−9	24.06^a ± 0.08	30.69^b ± 0.34	23.87^a ± 1.37	27.99^a,b ± 0.48
18:2n−6	8.18^a ± 0.17	14.61^c ± 0.18	9.73^a,b ± 0.71	11.75^b ± 0.13
18:2n−9	0.44^a,b ± 0.05	0.26^a ± 0.07	0.30^a ± 0.07	0.78^b ± 0.02
18:3n−3	1.72^a ± 0.01	7.98^c ± 0.09	2.31^a ± 0.42	3.75^b ± 0.22
18:3n−6	0.25^a ± 0.03	0.29^a,b ± 0.04	0.22^a ± 0.04	0.51^b ± 0.03
18:4n−3	1.32^b ± 0.06	0.40^a ± 0.04	1.16^b ± 0.09	0.67^a ± 0.00
20:0	0.17^a ± 0.00	0.28^c ± 0.00	0.17^a ± 0.00	0.20^b ± 0.00
20:1n−9	8.32^c ± 0.23	1.38^a ± 0.01	7.27^b,c ± 0.64	6.03^b ± 0.13
20:2n−9	0.25^a ± 0.05	0.19^a ± 0.01	0.19^a ± 0.03	0.26^a ± 0.02
20:2n−6	0.21^a ± 0.00	0.23^a ± 0.03	0.23^a ± 0.03	0.20^a ± 0.00
20:3n−6	0.11^a ± 0.00	0.15^a ± 0.00	0.15^a ± 0.01	0.23^a ± 0.05
20:4n−6	0.27^a ± 0.03	0.45^a ± 0.01	0.32^a ± 0.05	0.35^a ± 0.03
20:3n−3	0.06^a ± 0.00	0.21^b ± 0.02	0.09^a ± 0.01	0.10^a ± 0.00
20:4n−3	0.51^a ± 0.00	0.31^a ± 0.01	0.55^a ± 0.10	0.32^a ± 0.01
20:5n−3	2.95^c ± 0.23	1.40^a ± 0.02	3.26^c ± 0.05	2.21^b ± 0.03
22:0	0.06 ± 0.00	0.16 ± 0.00	0.08 ± 0.00	0.08 ± 0.00
22:1n−7	1.31^b ± 0.08	0.30^a ± 0.02	1.07^b ±0.13	0.88^b ±0.07
22:1n−9	8.73^c ± 0.26	0.69^a ± 0.04	7.02^b,c ± 0.82	5.23^b ± 0.37
22:6n−3	5.3^a ± 0.37	6.86^b ± 0.12	5.96^a,b ± 0.33	4.97^a ± 0.07
24:0	—	0.07 ± 0.00	—	—
24:1n−9	0.8^b ± 0.04	0.35^a ± 0.00	0.62^b ± 0.03	0.58^a,b ± 0.07
Total n−3	11.88	17.17	13.34	12.02
Total n−6	9.03	15.74	10.66	13.05
n−3/n−6	1.31	1.09	1.25	0.92

Note: Values are presented as means and standard error of means. Means sharing the same superscript are not significantly different from each other (p > 0.05).

Abbreviations: FCR, feed conversion ratio; LER, lipid efficiency ratio; PER, protein efficiency ratio; SGR, specific growth rate.

¹EAA of each essential amino acid = essential amino acid/sum of essential amino acids × 100.

²NEAA of each nonessential amino acid = nonessential amino acid/sum of nonessential amino acids × 100.