Table 2.

Multiple logistic regression analysis of potential risk factors associated with canine VBPs detected in dogs from chad.

	Variable	Categories	Estimate	SE	OR adj	95% CI OR	P-value
H. canis	Intercept		0.94	0.12			< 0.001*
	Age	≥ 2 < 5 (Adult)	Reference
		< 2 (Juvenile)	− 0.55	0.13	0.6	0.4–0.8	< 0.001*
		≥ 5 (Senior)	0.29	0.18	1.3	0.9–1.9	0.718
	Geographic region	Mayo KE	Reference
		CB north	− 0.94	0.14	0.4	0.3–0.5	< 0.001*
		CB south	0.23	0.15	1.3	0.9–1.7	0.794
	Sex	Male	Reference
		Female	− 0.16	0.13	0.9	0.7–1.1	1
A. platys	Intercept		− 1.24	0.12			< 0.001*
	Age	≥ 2 < 5 (Adult)	Reference
		< 2 (Juvenile)	0.43	0.13	1.5	1.2–2.0	0.008*
		≥ 5 (Senior)	− 0.6	0.21	3.6	2.6–5.2	0.025*
	Geographic region	Mayo KE	Reference
		CB north	0.43	0.16	1.5	1.1–2.1	0.036*
		CB south	0.48	0.16	1.6	1.2–2.2	0.014*
	Sex	Male	Reference
		Female	− 0.2	0.14	0.9	0.7–1.1	1
M. haemocanis	Intercept		0.71	0.11			< 0.001*
	Age	≥ 2 < 5 (Adult)	Reference
		< 2 (Juvenile)	− 0.45	0.13	0.6	0.4–0.8	< 0.003*
		≥ 5 (Senior)	− 0.18	0.17	0.8	0.5–1.2	1
	Geographic region	Mayo KE	Reference
		CB north	− 0.04	0.14	1.0	0.7–1.3	1
		CB south	0.00	0.14	1.0	0.8–1.3	1
	Sex	Male	Reference
		Female	− 0.44	0.12	0.6	0.5–0.8	0.002*
C. M. haematoparvum	Intercept		− 0.91	0.13			< 0.001*
	Age	≥ 2 < 5 (Adult)	Reference
		< 2 (Juvenile)	− 1.56	0.24	0.2		< 0.001*
		≥ 5 (Senior)	1.3	0.18	3.6	2.6–5.2	< 0.001*
	Geographical region	Mayo KE	Reference
		CB north	− 0.04	0.18	1	0.7–1.4	1
		CB south	− 0.77	0.20	0.5	0.3–0.7	< 0.001*
	Sex	Male	Reference
		Female	− 0.48	0.17	0.6	0.4–0.9	0.03*
B. vogeli	Intercept		− 3.48				< 0.001*
	Age	≥ 2 < 5 (Adult)	Reference
		< 2 (Juvenile)	− 0.2	0.47	N/A	N/A	1
		≥ 5 (Senior)	− 0.18	0.65	N/A	N/A	1
	Geographic region	Mayo KE	Reference
		CB north	− 16.9	939.04	N/A	N/A	1
		CB south	0.13	0.42	N/A	N/A	1
	Sex	Male	Reference
		Female	− 0.07	0.44	N/A	N/A	1
C. M. turicensis	Intercept		− 3.31				< 0.001
	Age	≥ 2 < 5 (Adult)	Reference
		< 2 (Juvenile)	− 17.63	1420	N/A	N/A	1
		≥ 5 (Senior)	− 0.08	0.58	0.9	0.3–2.6	1
	Geographic region	Mayo KE	Reference
		CB north	− 0.44	0.62	0.6	0.1–2.1	1.000
		CB south	− 0.00	0.55	1.0	0.3–2.9	1
	Sex	Male	Reference
		Female	− 2.12	1.03	0.1	0.0–0.5	0.238
E. canis	Intercept		− 1.65				< 0.001
	Age	≥ 2 < 5 (Adult)	Reference
		< 2 (Juvenile)	0.18	0.16	1.2	0.9–1.7	1
		≥ 5 (Senior)	0.48	0.21	1.6	1.1–2.4	0.113
	Geographic region	Mayo KE	Reference
		CB north	− 0.21	0.19	0.8	0.6–1.2	1
		CB south	0.76	0.17	2.1	1.5–3.0	< 0.001
	Sex	Male	Reference
		Female	− 0.22	0.16	0.8	0.6–1.2	0.900

SE: Standard error, ORadj: adjusted odds ratio, CI: confidence interval.