Specificity of the glyQS–tRNAGly interaction. (A) Interaction of the glyQS leader (black) in the antiterminator conformation with tRNAGly (green). Substitutions at the specifier sequence and antiterminator regions of the leader, and at the anticodon and acceptor end of the tRNA, are shown with arrows. (B–E) In vitro transcription reactions using different combinations of variants of glyQS templates and tRNAGly. (B) Wild-type glyQS template DNA (GGC specifier sequence, A158 antiterminator). (C) glyQS-UGC template DNA (cysteine specifier sequence, A158 antiterminator). (D) glyQS-A158→U template DNA (GGC specifier, U158 antiterminator). (E) glyQS-UGC/A158→U template DNA (cysteine specifier sequence, U158 antiterminator). Lane 1, no tRNA; lane 2, wild-type tRNAGly (GCC anticodon, U73 discriminator); lane 3, tRNAGly-GCA (GCA anticodon, U73 discriminator); lane 4, tRNAGly-U73→A (GCC anticodon, A73 discriminator); lane 5, tRNAGly-GCA/U73→A (GCA anticodon, A73 discriminator). T, terminated transcript; RT, read-through transcript. Percent read-through is indicated at the bottom of each lane.