Table 4. Association of WHO FCTC regulations and individual-level characteristics with current e-cigarette use among study participants from selected countries.

Characteristics	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Model 1 Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Model 2 Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Model 3 Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Model 4 Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Model 5 Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Article 13
Ban covers display and visibility of tobacco products at point of sale (vs none)	0.88 (0.61–1.27)	0.79 (0.58–1.08)
Ban covers internet (domestic and global) (vs none)
Either or	0.95 (0.63–1.42)*		0.84 (0.59–1.20)
Both	0.56 (0.36–0.88)*		0.58 (0.39–0.86)**
Ban covers product placement as means of advertisement or promotion (vs none)	0.85 (0.59–1.21)			0.73 (0.53–0.99)*
Ban covers depiction of tobacco or tobacco use in entertainment media products (vs none)	1.01 (0.71–1.44)				0.88 (0.65–1.20)
Strength of additional TAPS measures	0.94 (0.86–1.02)					0.91 (0.85–0.98)*
Age, in years	1.16 (1.15–1.18)***	1.04 (1.02–1.06)***	1.04 (1.02–1.06)***	1.04 (1.02–1.06)***	1.04 (1.02–1.06)**	1.04 (1.02–1.06)**
Female (vs male)	0.56 (0.54–0.58)***	0.62 (0.59–0.64)***	0.62 (0.58–0.64)***	0.62 (0.59–0.64)***	0.62 (0.59–0.64)***	0.61 (0.59–0.64)***
Saw advertising at the point of sale (ref No)
Yes	1.91 (1.84–1.99)***	1.62 (1.54–1.71)***	1.62 (1.54–1.71)***	1.62 (1.54–1.71)***	1.62 (1.54–1.71)***	1.62 (1.54–1.71)***
Did not visit	1.26 (1.21–1.32)***	1.24 (1.17–1.32)***	1.24 (1.16–1.32)***	1.24 (1.17–1.32)***	1.24 (1.17–1.32)***	1.24 (1.17–1.32)***
Being taught about the dangers of tobacco use in any of the classes (ref No)	0.82 (0.79–0.85)***	0.86 (0.82–0.91)***	0.86 (0.82–0.91)***	0.86 (0.82–0.91)***	0.86 (0.82–0.91)***	0.86 (0.82–0.91)***
Seeing any people using tobacco on TV, video or in movies (ref No)
Yes	1.31 (1.26–1.37)***	1.12 (1.06–1.19)***	1.12 (1.06–1.19)***	1.12 (1.06–1.19)***	1.12 (1.06–1.19)***	1.12 (1.06–1.19)***
Did not watch any	1.65 (1.56–1.74)***	1.37 (1.27–1.48)***	1.37 (1.27–1.48)***	1.37 (1.27–1.48)***	1.37 (1.27–1.48)***	1.37 (1.27–1.48)***
Highest amount of pocket money (vs all lower perceived levels)	1.71 (1.63–1.80)***	1.46 (1.37–1.57)***	1.46 (1.37–1.57)***	1.46 (1.37–1.57)***	1.46 (1.36–1.57)***	1.46 (1.37–1.57)***
Current use of combustible cigarettes (vs none)	10.36 (9.92–10.82)***	8.86 (8.40–9.34)***	8.86 (8.40–9.34)***	8.86 (8.40–9.34)***	8.86 (8.40–9.34)***	8.86 (8.41–9.34)***
World Bank country income group (ref High-income economy)
Upper middle	0.68 (0.48–0.97)*	0.64 (0.44–0.93)*	0.61 (0.42–0.88)**	0.61 (0.42–0.88)**	0.64 (0.44–0.94)*	0.63 (0.44–0.91)*
Lower middle	0.68 (0.47–0.99)*	0.53 (0.36–0.78)**	0.56 (0.38–0.81)**	0.55 (0.37–0.81)**	0.53 (0.36–0.79)**	0.59 (0.40–0.86)**
Low income	0.13 (0.06–0.29)***	0.16 (0.07–0.37)***	0.18 (0.08–0.40)***	0.15 (0.07–0.34)***	0.16 (0.07–0.36)***	0.16 (0.08–0.36)***
WHO region (ref Africa)
The Americas	1.48 (0.79–2.76)
The Eastern Mediterranean	1.22 (0.55–2.70)
Europe	1.83 (0.99–3.40)
The Western Pacific	1.59 (0.84–2.99)
Affordability of cigarettes	1.00 (0.99–1.01)
Tobacco growing	1.00 (0.69–1.47)
Article 12 score	0.99 (0.95–1.04)
Article 8, 11 and 16 scores	0.99 (0.98–1.01)

Multilevel models (column 1) with listed variables included as fixed effects with a country random intercept; 48 countries. Adjusted models (columns 2–5): n=118 788; 47 countries. Models 1–5 adjusted for age; gender; saw advertising at the point of sale (ref No), yes, did not visit; being taught about the dangers of tobacco use in any of the classes (ref No); seeing any people using tobacco on TV, video or in movies during within 1 year prior to being surveyed (ref No), yes, did not watch any; highest amount of pocket money (vs all lower perceived levels); current use of combustible cigarettes (vs none); World Bank country income group (ref High-income economy), upper middle, lower middle, low income.

*P<05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.

TAPS, tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship; WHO FCTC, WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.