Table 3.

Characteristics of included sources of evidence (n = 7)

Author/s, year, country	Study focus/aim	Setting	Screening tools or early response program employed relating to EDs	Participants profile, ethnicity, gender, age (& proportion)		Results summary relating to ED and/or First Nations people
Cinelli and O’Dea [18], Australia	Relationship between body image and body weight	Metropolitan, regional and rural primary and secondary schools	A questionnaire, which was validated against several scales on the EDI tool, measuring weight perceptions, body image, desired weight, and weight control behaviours	Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (7%), Anglo-European (93%)	Male/Female, 12–16 years	• Aboriginal youth were more likely to desire and pursue weight gain compared to non-Indigenous counterparts • Indigenous males showed the greatest tendency to want to gain weight and build up their bodies • Poor body image among adolescents living with higher weight was similar across all groups
Hughes et al. [32], Australia	Establish normative data on ED symptoms, drive for muscularity, and muscle dysmorphia in men, and identify patterns/subtypes	Metropolitan community	EAT-26, EDE-Q, CIA Questionnaire, DMS, and MDI	Caucasian (84.9%), Asian (9.9%), Indian (1.7%), Asian-Caucasian (1.7%), Aboriginal (0.9%), Hispanic (0.4%), African (0.4%)	Male only, 19–84 years	• Internal consistency was strong for most scales, except for the MDI • EDE-Q has better internal consistency than EAT-26 • Positive correlation between ED and MD measures • Two main typologies identified i.e., muscularity-driven and thinness-driven • BMI not related to higher levels of ED or MD symptoms • Significant correlation between CIA and both ED and MD measures • Similarity and difference in ED and MD measures between Australian sample and other countries • Results were generalised and not specific to the First Nations People in Australia
Riley et al. [46], Australia	Effectiveness of mindfulness and acceptance-based group program	Prison, South Australia	10-session group program employing ACT, and using PHQ-ED as one of the baseline measurement tools	Heterogenous, including Indigenous Australians (22%), most were born in Australia (86.9%), others in NZ (4.9%), Africa, China, Brazil, Holland, Bosnia	Female only, Age (M ± SD years): 34.73 ± 9.98	• Improvements in mindfulness and acceptance and reduction in anxiety, depression, and somatoform disorders among the participants • Potentially greater improvements in anxiety and mindfulness measures among Indigenous women • ED indication using PHQ-ED reduced from six at baseline to two at the end of the program • ACT program has been demonstrated to be an acceptable initiative among the First Nations participants
Bryant et al. [10], Australia	Development and pilot validation of a novel digital screening tool for high risk and early stage EDs to drive early prevention and reduced morbidity	Online	IOI-S and used EDE-Q and SCOFF to test its reliability and validity	Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (1.4%), Caucasian (77.8%), Asian (13%), Middle Eastern (1%), Pacific Islander (0.3%), Hispanic (2%), African (1.26%), Other (not specified) (3.2%)	Male/Female, 14–74 years	• Strong positive correlation of IOI-S screening tool with SCOFF and EDE-Q • IOI-S accurately distinguished probable EDs • IOI-S demonstrated high internal consistency and test–retest reliability • Higher levels of ED symptoms among those identifying as Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander, Hispanic, African, or Middle Eastern than those identifying as Caucasian, Asian, or Pacific Islander
Hart et al. [28], Australia	Association of ED risk with videoconferencing performance during COVID-19	Online	SCOFF	White (52%), Asian (35.9%), Hispanic (1.6%), Middle Eastern (1.1%), African American (0.3%), Aboriginal Australian (0.3%), Other (not specified) (8.8%)	Male/Female, 17–76 years	• Almost 40% were considered at-risk of EDs • Those at-risk individuals varied significantly from non-at-risk peers in demographic and health characteristics, except for average BMI and videoconferencing habits • At-risk individuals were typically younger, White females who identified as non-heterosexual and were single/unpartnered; although these attributes (except for non-heterosexuality) form most of the cohort • People at risk of EDs experienced more difficulties with videoconferencing outcomes compared to those not at risk • Results were generalised and not specific to the First Nations peoples in Australia
Bryant et al. [11], Australia	To develop a minimum dataset and lay the groundwork for a national registry for EDs in Australia	Online	EDE-Q, EDE-A, BEDS-7, PARDI-AR-Q, NIAS	Different organisations including two Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peak organisations	Not specified	• Experts’ preferred assessment tools for adult EDs: - AN/BN/OSFED: EDE-Q (75% +) - BED: BEDS-7 (42.5%) - ARFID: Nine Item ARFID Screen (54.5%) - Pica/Rumination Disorder: PARDI-AR-Q (24%) • Experts’ preferred assessment tools for children EDs: - AN/BN/BED/OSFED: EDE-A (56–76%) - ARFID/ Pica/Rumination Disorder: EDE-Q (30%) • Results were generalised and not specific to the First Nations peoples in Australia
Bryant et al. [12], Australia	Test the reliability of the face-to-face, clinician delivery of a previously validated, co-designed, online screening tool for EDs	Primary healthcare and Clinical, New South Wales and Northern Territory	IOI-S	Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (6%), Caucasian (74.7%), Asian (9.6%), Middle Eastern (2.4%), Other (not specified) (7.2%)	Male/Female, years	• IOI-S demonstrated excellent test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.980) and robust internal validity • Results were generalised and not specific to the First Nations peoples in Australia

ACT, acceptance and commitment therapy; AN, anorexia nervosa; ARFID, avoidant restrictive food intake disorder; BAS-2, body appreciation scale-2; BED, binge eating disorder; BEDS-7, binge eating disorder screener 7; BMI, body mass index; BN, bulimia nervosa; CIA, clinical impairment assessment; DMS, drive for muscularity scale; EAT-26, eating attitudes test-26; ED, eating disorder; EDs, eating disorders; ED‑CBQ‑R, eating disorder core beliefs questionnaire revised; EDE-A, eating disorder examination-adolescence; EDE-Q, eating disorder examination-questionnaire; EDE-QS, eating disorder examination questionnaire short; EDI, eating disorder inventory; IBSS‑R, ideal body stereotype scale revised; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; IOI-S, insideout institute screener; M, mean; MD, muscle dysmorphia; MDI, muscle dysmorphia inventory; NIAS, nine-item arfid screen; OSFED, other specified feeding or eating disorder; PARDI-AR-Q, pica rumination disorder interview questionnaire; PHQ-ED, patient health questionnaire–binge eating disorder; SCOFF, sick, control, one stone, fat, food; SD, standard deviation