Fig. 3.

This forest plot compares the risk of brain fog (a), anxiety (b), depression (c), and anosmia (d) between females and males across various studies. Each square represents the RR for an individual study, with the square size proportional to the study’s weight. Horizontal lines through squares denote the 95% CI. The diamond at the bottom shows the overall pooled RR and its 95% CI, indicating the combined effect size. A vertical line at RR = 1 serves as a reference for no difference in risk between groups. Heterogeneity measures assess variability among the study results.