Table 3.

Advantages and disadvantages of various nanomaterials for MIRI therapy

Type		Advantages	Disadvantages
Biomimetic nanomaterials	Monocytes/macrophages	Inherent inflammatory tropism Immune-modulating capacity	Limited drug loading Potential immunogenicity
	Neutrophils	Enhanced inflammatory tropism Cytokine neutralization	Risk of inflammatory amplification Short circulation half-life
	Platelets	Natural thrombus affinity Prolonged circulation	Residual thrombogenicity risk Restricted targeting specificity
	Hybrid membrane	Multifunctional targeting Synergistic biointeractions	Complex fabrication Potential immunogenicity amplification
	Exosome-based	Low immunogenicity Efficient biological barrier penetration	Low drug-loading efficiency Batch-to-batch variability
	Lipoprotein-mimetic	Natural targeting via specific receptors Endogenous lipid transport mimicry	Limited research specifically for MIRI Complex in vivo metabolic pathways
Inorganic nanomaterials	Metallic	Unique physicochemical properties High surface reactivity	Potential long-term toxicity Aggregation tendency
	Nonmetallic	Excellent biocompatibility Tunable porosity for drug loading	Slow/incomplete biodegradation
Hydrogel	/	Excellent biocompatibility Mechanical support for tissue repair	Complex administration Potential swelling-induced volume changes
Micelles	/	Scalable fabrication Size-tunable for EPR effect	Thermodynamic instability Limited drug capacity
Lipid-based nanomaterials	Liposomes	Versatile cargo protection Clinically established	Oxidation susceptibility Poor batch consistency in scale-up
	LNPs	Superior nucleic acid delivery Efficient endosomal escape	Complex formulation Limited long-term safety data
Polymeric nanomaterials	/	Highly tunable properties Stimuli-responsive design	Potential for incomplete degradation Insufficient long-term biosafety data