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. 2025 Aug 6;25:2674. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-23599-y

Table 1.

Summary statistics

Var Name Description N Mean SD
FSIQ Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) score 1320 95.095 10.509
Female Females are assigned a value of 1, and males 0 1320 0.491 0.500
Sibling structure
 Number of siblings The number of siblings of the child 1320 0.861 0.613
 Only child Equals 1 if the student is an only child; 0 otherwise 1320 0.256 0.437
 Have older brothers Children with older brothers are assigned a value of 1, otherwise 0 1320 0.237 0.425
 Have older sisters Children with older sisters are assigned a value of 1, otherwise 0 1320 0.287 0.453
 Have younger brothers Children with younger brothers are assigned a value of 1, otherwise 0 1320 0.155 .362
 Have younger sisters Children with younger sisters are assigned a value of 1, otherwise 0 1320 0.135 0.342
 Have older brothers within three years Children with older brothers within three years of age are assigned a value of 1, 2 = have older brother over three years, otherwise 0 1320 0.055 0.227
 Have older sisters within three years Children with older sisters within three years of age are assigned a value of 1; 2 = have older sisters over three years, otherwise 0 1320 0.090 0.287
 Have younger brother within three years Children with younger brothers within three years of age are assigned a value of 1, 2 = have younger over three years, otherwise 0 1320 0.088 0.283
 Have younger sisters within three years Children with younger sisters within three years of age are assigned a value of 1, 2 = have younger sister over three years, otherwise 0 1320 0.074 0.262
 The oldest of siblings The children who are the eldest are assigned a value of 1, otherwise 0 1320 0.231 0.422
 The youngest of siblings The children who are the youngest are assigned a value of 1, otherwise 0 1320 0.460 0.499
 The middle siblings The children who are in the middle are assigned a value of 1, otherwise 0 1320 0.053 0.224
Child and Family Characteristics
 Baseline BSID score Standardized Bailey cognitive score for baseline 1320 −0.009 0.999
 Age (month) Children’s age at the time of data collection (in months) 1320 66.097 6.316
 Mother is the primary caregiver Whether the mother is the primary caregiver 1320 0.572 0.495
 Premature birth Whether the child was born prematurely 1320 0.040 0.198
 Age of mother Mothers’ age 1320 32.273 4.929
 Mother completed high school Children whose mothers have a high school degree or higher are assigned a value of 1; otherwise, 0 1320 0.198 0.399
 The primary caregiver completed high school Children whose primary caregivers have a high school degree or higher are assigned a value of 1, otherwise 0 1320 0.039 0.195
 Family asset The ordinal categorization of the family asset index into three levels based on an average distribution of assets:1 = low 2 = medium 3 = high. The family asset index is constructed using polychoric principal components on the following variables: tap water, toilet, water heater, washing machine, computer, Internet, refrigerator, air conditioner, motor or electric bicycle, and car 1320 2.043 0.815
Parenting/Educational Investment
 Read books or look at picture books with child The caregivers have read books or looked at picture books with child for the past three days are assigned a value of 1, otherwise 0 1320 0.611 0.488
 Sing songs with child The caregivers who have sung with the child for the past three days are assigned a value of 1, otherwise 0 1320 0.462 0.499
 Tell stories to child The caregivers who have told stories to the child for the past three days are assigned a value of 1, otherwise 0 1320 0.433 0.496
 Play with child The caregivers who have played games with the child for the past three days are assigned a value of 1, otherwise 0 1320 .752 .432
 Positive parenting behaviours Whether the caregivers have three positive parenting behaviours or above 1320 2.258 1.347
 Cost of purchasing vitamins Log transformation of cost of purchasing vitamins for children 1320 2.716 2.704
 Cost of enrolling in extracurricular classes Log transformation of cost of enrolling in extracurricular classes for children 1320 .705 2.085
 Cost of purchasing toys Log transformation of cost of purchasing toys for children 1320 4.227 2.045
 Cost of purchasing books Log transformation of cost of purchasing books for children 1320 3.593 2.04
 Investment in material resources Log transformation of cost of purchasing material resources for children 1320 5.628 1.613
 Expected level of education The level of education expected by the caregiver: 1 = junior high school 2 = high school 3 = Technical secondary school, vocational school, secondary technology 4 = university Specialty 5 = University Specialty 1320 0.904 0.295
 Project treatment Children who received the project treatment are assigned a value of 1, otherwise 0 1320 0.535 0.499