Table 2.
Differences in children’s cognitive levels by family structure and gender
| 1.All sample | 2.Male (N = 674) mean (SD) | 3.Female (N = 651) mean (SD) | 4.Gender differences (Cohen’s d) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | Only child (N = 338) | 95.90(11.58) | 94.7(11.32) | 97.36(11.77) | 2.66(0.23)** |
| (2) | Have siblings (N = 982) | 94.82(10.10) | 95.07(10.00) | 94.57(10.21) | −0.49(0.05) |
| (3) | Have elder brother (N = 313) | 94.32(10.12) | 93.18(9.55) | 95.49(10.57) | 2.31(0.23)** |
| (4) | Have elder sister (N = 379) | 94.40(10.17) | 95.73(10.47) | 92.97(9.67) | −2.76(−0.27)*** |
| (5) | Have younger brother (N = 204) | 94.22(10.12) | 94.70(9.18) | 93.90(10.73) | −0.8(−0.08) |
| (6) | Have younger sister (N = 182) | 95.17(9.86) | 95.88(10.24) | 94.63(9.58) | −1.24(−0.13) |
| (7) | Diff (2)-(1)(Cohen’s d) | −1.07(0.10) | −0.37(0.04) | −2.78(0.26)*** | −3.15(0.30)** |
| (8) | Diff (3)-(1)(Cohen’s d) | −1.57(−0.14)* | −1.52(−0.14) | −1.87(−0.18) | −0.35(−0.03) |
| (9) | Diff (4)-(1)(Cohen’s d) | −1.50(−0.14)* | 1.03(0.09) | −4.40(−0.41)*** | −5.42(0.50)*** |
| (10) | Diff (5)-(1)(Cohen’s d) | −1.68(−0.15)* | 0.00(0.00) | −3.46(0.30)** | −3.46(−0.31)* |
| (11) | Diff (6)-(1)(Cohen’s d) | −0.72(−0.07) | 1.18(0.11) | −2.72(−0.25)* | −3.91(−0.36)* |
Rows (6)-(11) show the differences between children in Multi-child families with different sibling structures and those who are only children. The last column shows the difference between girls and boys
* p value < 0.1 (marginally significant)
**p value < 0.05
***p value < 0.01