Table 3.
Differences in children’s cognitive levels by sibling interval and gender
| 1.All sample | 2.Male (N = 674) mean (SD) | 3.Female (N = 651) mean (SD) | 4.Gender differences (Cohen’s d) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | Only child (N = 338) | 95.90(11.58) | 94.7(11.32) | 97.36(11.77) | 2.66(0.23)** |
| (2) | Have siblings (N = 982) | 94.82(10.10) | 95.07(10.00) | 94.57(10.21) | −0.49(0.05) |
| (3) | Have elder brother within 3 years (N = 72) | 93.03(8.67) | 93.07(9.13) | 92.97(8.10) | −0.1(−0.01) |
| (4) | Have elder sister within 3 years (N = 119) | 93.18(11.14) | 95.55(12.10) | 91.06(9.84) | −4.49(−0.41)** |
| (5) | Have younger brother within 3 years (N = 116) | 94.35(10.25) | 94.69(9.10) | 94.14(10.97) | −0.55(−0.05) |
| (6) | Have younger sister within 3 years (N = 98) | 94.34(9.70) | 94.57(9.51) | 94.38(9.90) | −0.19(−0.02) |
| (7) | Diff (3)-(1)(Cohen’s d) | −2.87(−0.28)** | −1.63(−0.15) | −4.40(−0.39)* | −2.77(−0.25) |
| (8) | Diff (4)-(1)(Cohen’s d) | −2.72(−0.24)** | 0.85(0.07) | −6.30(−0.56)*** | −7.15(0.63)*** |
| (9) | Diff (5)-(1)(Cohen’s d) | −1.54(−0.14) | −0.01(0.00) | −3.22(−0.28)* | −3.21(−0.29) |
| (10) | Diff (6)-(1)(Cohen’s d) | −1.45(−0.13) | −0.13(−0.01) | −2.98(−0.26)* | −2.85(−0.26) |
Rows (7)-(10) show the differences between children in Multi-child families with different sibling structures and those who are only children. The last column shows the difference between girls and boys
* p value < 0.1 (marginally significant)
**p value < 0.05
***p value < 0.01