Table 4.
Differences in children’s cognitive levels by birth order and gender
| 1.All sample | 2.Male (N = 674) mean (SD) | 3.Female (N = 651) mean (SD) | 4.Gender differences(Cohen’s d) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | Only child (N = 338) | 95.90(11.58) | 94.7(11.32) | 97.36(11.77) | 2.66(0.23)** |
| (2) | Have siblings (N = 987) | 94.82(10.10) | 95.07(10.00) | 94.57(10.21) | −0.49(0.05) |
| (3) | The eldest of siblings (N = 305) | 95.77(9.93) | 96.19(9.60) | 95.41(10.22) | −0.78(−0.08) |
| (4) | The youngest of siblings (N = 607) | 94.89(10.20) | 94.96(10.13) | 94.81(10.30) | −0.16(−0.02) |
| (5) | The middle of the siblings (N = 70) | 90.07(8.69) | 87.07(8.69) | 90.79(9.00) | 2.97(0.34) |
| (6) | Diff (3)-(1)(Cohen’s d) | −0.13(−0.01) | 1.5(0.14) | −1.95(−0.18) | −3.45(−0.32)** |
| (7) | Diff (4)-(1)(Cohen’s d) | −1.01(−0.09)_ | 0.26(0.03) | −2.57(−0.24)** | −2.82(−0.26)* |
| (8) | Diff (5)-(1)(Cohen’s d) | −5.83(−0.52)*** | −6.88(0.62)** | −6.57(−0.59)*** | 0.31(0.03) |
Rows (6)-(8) show the differences between children in multi-child families with different sibling structures and those who are only children. The last column shows the difference between girls and boys
* p value < 0.1 (marginally significant)
**p-value < 0.05
***p value < 0.01