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. 2025 Aug 6;25:2674. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-23599-y

Table 5.

Multivariate associations between gender and number of siblings and cognitive development outcomes

FSIQ score
(1) All sample (2) Female (3) Male (4) All sample (5) Female (6) Male
1. Female 0.114 0.116
(0.539) (0.539)
2. Number of siblings −1.344*** −1.790*** −0.703
(0.474) (0.667) (0.685)
3. Number of siblings = 1 −0.676 −1.955** 0.587
(0.660) (0.986) (0.899)
4.Number of siblings = 2 −2.735** −2.899** −2.679*
(1.073) (1.468) (1.609)
5.Number of siblings = 3 −10.946*** −12.254*** −9.128
(3.327) (4.128) (5.754)
6.Number of siblings = 4 4.752 4.727 4.394
(6.965) (10.073) (9.786)
4. Constants 94.267*** 92.261*** 95.520*** 93.528*** 90.986*** 94.968***
(4.544) (6.800) (6.208) (4.548) (6.867) (6.194)
5. Control yes yes yes yes yes yes
R-sq 0.149 0.180 0.135 0.154 0.186 0.144
N 1320 648 672 1320 648 672

All regressions control for village fixed effects. All regressions control for Age at the time of data collection, Mother is primary caregiver, Premature birth, Age of mother, Mother completed high school, Primary caregiver completed high school, Family asset, and Project treatment

Columns (1) and (4) use the full sample, columns (2) and (5) use the sample of females, and columns (3) and (6) use the sample of males. N is the total number of observations in each regression

Standard errors are in parentheses

The coefficient for “number of siblings = 4” is based on a small subgroup and is not statistically significant. It should be interpreted with caution due to potential sample limitations

* p value < 0.1 (marginally significant)

**p value < 0.05

***p value < 0.01