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. 2025 Aug 6;25:2674. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-23599-y

Table 6.

Multivariate associations between siblings’ status and cognitive level

FSIQ score (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Characteristics Have older brothers Have older sisters Have younger brothers Have younger sisters
1. Female 2.170* 2.169* 2.023* 2.014* 2.161* 2.163* 2.108* 2.110*
−1.127 −1.126 −1.111 −1.11 −1.14 −1.142 −1.145 −1.147
Characteristics (Only child. As Reference Group)
 2. Characteristics 1(have older brothers/older sisters/younger brothers/younger sisters) −1.167 1.724 −0.591 1.354
−1.227 −1.124 −1.447 −1.488
 3. Characteristics 2 (have older brothers/older sisters/younger brothers/younger sisters with 4 years) 0.047 1.377 −0.822 0.927
−1.796 −1.576 −1.775 −1.995
 4. Characteristics 3 (have older brothers/older sisters/younger brothers/younger sisters over 4 years) −1.546 2.061* −0.295 1.72
−1.375 −1.235 −1.948 −1.881
 5. Female* characteristics 1 −0.919 −3.493** −2.191 −2.923
−1.637 −1.567 −1.945 −1.977
 6. Female* characteristics 2 −4.814* −5.297** −1.997 −2.732
−2.736 −2.218 −2.341 −2.504
 7. Female* characteristics 3 0.137 −2.629 −2.45 −2.942
−1.749 −1.704 −2.627 −2.645
Constants 90.541*** 90.969*** 96.133*** 97.244*** 96.349*** 96.442*** 93.754*** 93.957***
−6.886 −6.92 −6.205 −6.241 −7.844 −7.88 −7.773 −7.809
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 651 651 717 717 542 542 516 516
R-sq 0.155 0.159 0.166 0.171 0.169 0.169 0.152 0.152

All regressions control for village fixed effects. All regressions control for Age at time of surgery (month), Mother is primary caregiver, Premature birth, Age of mother, Mother completed high school, Primary caregiver completed high school, Family asset, and Project treatment. Columns (1) and (2) additionally control for having older sister, having a younger brother, and having younger sister. Columns (3) and (4) additionally control for having older brother, having younger brother, and having younger sister. Columns (5) and (6) additionally control for having older brother, having older sister and having younger sister. Columns (7) and (8) additionally control for having older brother, having older sister and having younger brother

Only children serve as the reference group

Column (1)(2) uses the sample of only children and children with older brothers, column (3)(4) uses the sample of only children and children with older sisters, column (5)(6) uses the sample of only children and children with younger brothers, and column (7)(8) uses the sample of only children and children with older sisters. N is the total number of observations in each regression

Standard errors in parentheses

* p value < 0.1 (marginally significant)

**p value < 0.05, ***p value < 0.01