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. 2025 Aug 7;15:28846. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-14002-2

Table 1.

Patient demographics and baseline characteristics.

Variables Total (n = 3811) 1 (n = 951) 2 (n = 952) 3 (n = 955) 4 (n = 953) χ2/F P
GPR 1.70(1.40,2.25) 1.23(1.11,1.32) 1.54(1.47,1.62) 1.92(1.79,2.05) 2.97(2.53,3.76) 3571.88  < 0.001
Demographic variables
 Age (y) 70.00(62.00,79.00) 69.00(61.00,77.00) 69.00(61.00,78.00) 71.00(63.00,80.00) 71.00(63.00,80.00) 23.66  < 0.001
 Male (n, %) 2682 (70.38) 708 (74.45) 685 (71.95) 685 (71.73) 604 (63.38) 31.92  < 0.001
 BMI 28.38(24.94,32.60) 28.03(24.75,32.12) 28.64(25.22,32.84) 28.40(24.99,32.66) 28.31(24.75,32.87) 3.37 0.337
 Ethnicity, n(%) 0.72 0.002
  White 2353 (61.74) 608 (63.93) 595 (62.50) 609 (63.77) 541 (56.77)
  Black 237 (6.22) 59 (6.20) 46 (4.83) 52 (5.45) 80 (8.39)
  Others 1221 (32.04) 284 (29.86) 311 (32.67) 294 (30.79) 332 (34.84)
 History of tobacco use, n(%) 6.57 0.087
  Used 62 (1.63) 10 (1.05) 11 (1.16) 20 (2.09) 21 (2.20)
  Not used 3749 (98.37) 941 (98.95) 941 (98.84) 935 (97.91) 932 (97.80)
Comorbidities
  Hypertension (n, %) 1493 (39.18) 341 (35.86) 438 (46.01) 398 (41.68) 316 (33.16) 40.03  < 0.001
  HF (n,%) 1741 (45.68) 416 (43.74) 348 (36.55) 424 (44.40) 553 (58.03) 92.57  < 0.001
  Stroke (n,%) 368 (9.66) 93 (9.78) 69 (7.25) 99 (10.37) 107 (11.23) 9.60 0.022
  ARF (n,%) 1512 (39.67) 320 (33.65) 289 (30.36) 375 (39.27) 528 (55.40) 147.54  < 0.001
  CKD (n,%) 1028 (26.97) 268 (28.18) 199 (20.90) 247 (25.86) 314 (32.95) 36.38  < 0.001
  Diabetes, n(%) 1648 (43.24) 355 (37.33) 320 (33.61) 391 (40.94) 582 (61.07) 174.98  < 0.001
  Malignant tumor, n(%) 506 (13.28) 131 (13.77) 125 (13.13) 137 (14.35) 113 (11.86) 2.84 0.417
  Cardiogenic shock, n(%) 599 (15.72) 91 (9.57) 98 (10.29) 146 (15.29) 264 (27.70) 151.74  < 0.001
Laboratory parameters
  Sodium, (mEq/L) 138.00 (136.00140.00) 138.00(136.00,140.00) 138.00(136.00,140.00) 138.00(136.00,140.00) 138.00(135.00,141.00) 3.31 0.346
  Potassium, (mmol/L) 4.30 (4.00, 4.70) 4.60 (4.30,5.00) 4.30 (4.00,4.70) 4.20 (3.90,4.60) 4.10 (3.70,4.50) 446.13  < 0.001
  CalciumTotal, (mg/dL) 8.30 (7.90, 8.70) 8.30 (8.00,8.70) 8.30 (7.90,8.70) 8.40 (8.00,8.80) 8.30 (7.90,8.80) 6.07 0.108
  Chloride, (mEq/L) 105.00(101.00,108.00) 106.00(102.00,108.00) 106.00(103.00,108.00) 105.00(101.00,108.00) 102.00(98.00,106.00) 196.42  < 0.001
  GLU, (mmol/L) 7.34 (6.16, 9.58) 5.66 (5.04,6.16) 6.72 (6.22,7.17) 8.01 (7.34,8.90) 12.32 (10.25,16.18) 2884.67  < 0.001
  AG, (mEq/L) 13.00 (11.00, 16.00) 12.00 (10.00,15.00) 12.00 (10.00,15.00) 13.00 (11.00,16.00) 16.00 (13.00,19.00) 442.42  < 0.001
  WBC, (K/uL) 12.10 (9.00, 16.00) 11.80 (8.60,15.10) 11.55 (8.60,15.20) 12.10 (9.10,15.90) 13.10 (9.70,17.70) 52.83  < 0.001
  RBC, (m/uL) 3.48 (2.91, 4.07) 3.23 (2.75,3.78) 3.40 (2.88,3.97) 3.54 (2.99,4.16) 3.76 (3.15,4.31) 156.28  < 0.001
  PLT, (K/uL) 171.00(129.00,229.50) 160.00(123.00,213.00) 158.00(120.75,208.25) 173.00(133.50,233.00) 198.00(147.00,261.00) 134.13  < 0.001
  Hb, (g/dL) 10.40 (8.70, 12.10) 9.70 (8.20,11.30) 10.20 (8.60,11.90) 10.70 (8.90,12.40) 11.10 (9.30,12.80) 134.79  < 0.001
  RDW, (%) 13.90 (13.10, 15.30) 13.90 (13.10,15.60) 13.60 (12.90,14.90) 13.80 (13.10,15.00) 14.10 (13.20,15.60) 39.37  < 0.001
  HCT, (%) 31.70 (27.00, 37.00) 29.80 (25.60,34.50) 31.15 (26.78,36.10) 32.40 (27.60,37.65) 34.20 (28.80,38.80) 142.63  < 0.001
  PT, (s) 14.60 (12.80, 16.90) 15.10 (13.20,17.20) 14.80 (12.88,16.92) 14.40 (12.70,16.70) 13.80 (12.40,16.50) 43.25  < 0.001
  APTT, (s) 31.90 (27.50, 43.20) 31.10 (27.35,38.10) 31.05 (27.30,39.20) 32.00 (27.80,44.60) 34.20 (27.80,60.90) 58.39  < 0.001
  INR 1.30 (1.20, 1.60) 1.40 (1.20,1.60) 1.40 (1.20,1.60) 1.30 (1.20,1.50) 1.30 (1.10,1.50) 44.33  < 0.001
  BUN, (mg/dL) 19.00(14.00,32.00) 19.00(14.00,32.00) 17.00(13.00,25.00) 19.00(14.00,29.00) 25.00(17.00,39.00) 160.72  < 0.001
  Cr, (mg/dL) 1.00 (0.80, 1.55) 1.00 (0.80,1.60) 0.90 (0.80,1.22) 1.00 (0.80,1.50) 1.20 (0.90,1.90) 148.80  < 0.001
Surgery
  Revascularization, n(%) 919 (24.11) 279 (29.34) 297 (31.20) 228 (23.87) 115 (12.07) 115.89  < 0.001
Outcomes
  1-year mortality status, n(%) 999 (26.21) 196 (20.61) 163 (17.12) 252 (26.39) 388 (40.71) 159.73  < 0.001
  180-day mortality status, n(%) 852 (22.36) 161 (16.93) 129 (13.55) 215 (22.51) 347 (36.41) 167.13  < 0.001

GPR: quartile Q1: 0.20–1.40; Q2: 1.40–1.70; Q3: 1.70–2.25; Q4: 2.25–40.57.

BMI body mass index, HF heart failure, ARF acute renal failure, CKD chronic kidney disease, GLU glucose, AG AnionGap, WBC white blood cell count, RBC red blood cell count, PLT PlateletCount, Hb hemoglobin, RDW red cell distribution width, HCT hematocrit, PT lasma prothrombin time, APTT activated partial thromboplastin time, INR prothrombin international normalized ratio, BUN blood urea nitrogen, Cr creatinine.