Table 2. Metabolites detected between the groups at different time points.

Metabolites	Fasting		Metabolites	Two-hour post-load
	log2(FC)	P-value		log2(FC)	P-value
aMetabolites associated with energy metabolism. bMetabolites associated with bile acid metabolism. cMetabolites associated with glutamate metabolism.Concentration changes of metabolites are log-transformed fold change (log2[FC]). The significance was determined using P-values adjusted by the Benjamini-Hochberg method for either Student's t-test or the Mann-Whitney test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.
(E)-Cinnamaldehyde	0.64	**	(R)-Carnitine	0.36	**
(S)-Allantoin	0.15	*	1,3,7-Trimethyluric acid	−0.22	*
(S)-Lactatea	−0.35	***	11-Deoxyprostaglandin E1	−0.55	*
1,3,7-Trimethyluric acid	−0.24	**	2(5H)-Furanone	0.21	***
10-Hydroxydecanoic acid	0.25	*	2-Butynedioic acid	0.03	*
11-Deoxyprostaglandin E1	−0.35	**	2-Deoxy-D-glucosea	−0.31	***
2-Aminoacrylic acid	−0.17	**	2-Oxoadipic acid	0.15	***
2-Deoxy-D-glucosea	−0.16	**	5,6-Dihydroxyindole	−0.35	***
3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid	0.09	*	5-Acetamido-6-formamido-3-methyluracil	0.49	***
4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid	0.12	*	7-Methylxanthine	0.23	*
7,9-Dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione	−0.28	**	Acetoin	0.11	*
7-Methylxanthine	−0.25	*	Acrylate	0.21	***
Allantoin	−0.43	**	Allantoin	−0.40	*
Alpha-ketocaproic acid	0.21	*	Alpha-D-galactose	0.22	***
Arachidonic acid	0.44	***	Benzene-1,2,4-triol	0.23	***
Benzoic acid	0.17	**	Butane-2,3-dione	0.25	***
Beta-alanine	−0.45	**	Chenodeoxycholic acidb	0.24	*
Cholic acidb	−0.32	*	Cholic acidb	−0.27	***
D-Aspartic acid	−0.49	***	Corticosterone	0.24	**
D-Glucono-1,5-lactone	−0.48	***	Cortisone	0.25	*
Dodecanedioic acid	0.42	*	Decanoate	0.38	*
Dodecanoate	−0.56	*	Decanoic acid	−0.28	***
D-Pyroglutamic acidc	0.19	**	D-Fructofuranose 6-phosphate	0.14	**
D-Tagatopyranose	−0.37	**	D-Glucuronate	0.16	*
dUMP	−0.63	***	D-Pyroglutamic acidc	0.07	*
Equol	0.34	*	dUMP	−0.25	*
Estrone	0.60	*	Fumaratea	−0.15	***
Fumaratea	−0.07	*	Galactose	0.51	***
Fumaric acid	−0.24	**	Glutaric acid	0.17	***
Gamma-aminobutyric acidc	0.09	**	Glycine betaine	0.10	*
Homovanillic acid	−0.06	**	Glycocholic acidbc	−0.20	*
Hyocholic acidb	0.25	*	Glycolate	0.28	***
Hypoxanthine	−0.66	***	Glycolic acid	−0.46	***
Isocitric acida	0.23	**	Glyoxylic acid	0.26	***
L-Glutamic acidc	0.26	**	Hyocholic acidb	0.72	*
Linoleate	0.23	*	Hyodeoxycholic acid	0.12	*
L-Proline	−0.23	***	Indol-3-ylacetaldehyde	0.61	***
L-Rhamnose	−0.11	*	Indole-3-acetic acid	0.35	***
L-Threonic acid	−0.44	***	L-Arabinitol	0.13	***
L-Tyrosine	−0.35	**	L-Glutaminec	−0.08	*
Maltose	−0.44	***	L-Leucine	0.28	**
Methylmalonic acid	−0.51	***	L-Rhamnose	−0.44	***
N-Acetyl-L-alanine	0.22	*	L-Sorbose	0.23	***
N-Acetylneuraminic acid	−0.28	**	Methionine sulfoxide	0.13	*
N-Benzoylglycine	−0.23	*	Methylmalonate	0.17	***
N-Cinnamoylglycine	−0.08	**	Myo-inositol	0.30	***
Octadecanoic acid	0.21	**	N-Acetyl-L-proline	0.24	***
Octanoic acid	0.17	*	N-Acetylneuraminic acid	−0.38	*
Oxomalonic acid	−0.15	*	N-Cinnamoylglycine	−0.18	***
p-Hydroxyhippuric acid	−0.41	***	Octanoic acid	0.39	**
Purine	−0.49	*	Oxomalonic acid	−0.19	***
Pyridoxal	−0.51	*	Pyruvatea	0.26	***
Sucrosea	−0.35	***	Quinolin-2-ol	−0.27	***
Uric acid	−0.51	***	S-Sulfo-L-cysteine	0.29	*
Xylitol	−0.21	*	Theobromine	0.32	***
			Thymidine	−0.51	***
			Tyramine sulfate	0.15	**
			Xylitol	−0.29	**