Table 3.
Application and limitation of different cell membranes used to synthesize biomimetics.
| Membrane type | Advantages | Disadvantages | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| RBCs | Long circulation, simple approach for membrane functionalization. | Purification is time-consuming; there are proper protocols for preparation and purification | [190] |
| WBC | Regulation of inflammatory response, selectivity at specific disease site. | Complexity of WBC membrane | [191] |
| Platelets | Promising properties in treating hemorrhage and targeted delivery. | Complex purification routes | [190] |
| Exosomes | Favorable for long-distance cell-to-cell communications. | No proper standardized method to produce and isolate in the desired amount | [192] |
| Macrophage | Long circulation time, BBB penetrating ability, target specific. | Limited capacity for drug incorporation; Unfavorable or inappropriate drug release; Degradation of the drug within cells | [192] |
| T-cell | Long circulation time, targeting the specific site. | MHC restriction, targeted to limited site | [192] |