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. 2025 Jul 25;13:1606919. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1606919

Table 2.

Participants’ cognition about general medical knowledge.

Participant’s cognition Medical students
Number Proportion
Non-medical students
Number Proportion
χ 2 p value
Do you know the procedure of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?
Yes 119 83.2% 76 47.2% 42.704 <0.001**
No 24 16.8% 85 52.8%
Do you know the procedure of surgical hand washing?
Yes 136 95.1% 94 58.4% 55.447 <0.001**
No 7 4.9% 67 41.6%
Do you know how to use the automated external defibrillator (AED)?
Yes 86 60.1% 40 24.8% 38.875 <0.001**
No 57 39.9% 121 75.2%
Do you know the procedure of Heimlich maneuver?
Yes 113 79.0% 66 41.0% 45.234 <0.001**
No 30 21.0% 95 59.0%
What medical knowledge are you interested in?
Knowledge of first aid
Yes 113 79.0% 119 73.9% 1.093 0.296
No 30 21.0% 42 26.1%
Medical ethics
Yes 59 41.3% 43 26.7% 7.192 0.007**
No 84 58.7% 118 73.7%
Sports health
Yes 100 69.9% 118 73.3% 0.422 0.516
No 43 30.1% 43 26.7%
The treatment for chronic diseases
Yes 76 53.1% 50 31.1% 15.229 <0.001**
No 67 46.9% 111 68.9%
Anatomy
Yes 69 48.3% 57 35.4% 5.151 0.023*
No 74 51.7% 104 64.6%
The treatment for infectious diseases
Yes 68 47.6% 68 42.2% 0.866 0.352
No 75 52.4% 93 57.8%
Mental health
Yes 85 59.4% 92 57.1% 0.164 0.685
No 58 40.6% 69 42.9%
Sexual and reproductive health
Yes 84 58.7% 45 28.0% 29.394 <0.001**
No 59 41.3% 116 72.0%
Traditional Chinese medicine
Yes 65 45.5% 58 36.0% 2.795 0.095
No 78 54.5% 103 64.0%
Medical Interdisciplinary
Yes 38 26.6% 22 13.7% 7.967 0.005**
No 105 73.4% 139 86.3%
What first aid skills do you have mastered?
Wound management
Yes 115 80.4% 92 57.1% 18.886 <0.001**
No 28 19.6% 69 42.9%
External fixation of limb fractures
Yes 75 52.4% 24 14.9% 48.602 <0.001**
No 68 47.6% 137 85.1%
Immobilization and transfer of spinal fractures
Yes 74 51.7% 16 9.9% 63.525 <0.001**
No 69 48.3% 145 90.1%
Treat sunstroke
Yes 77 53.8% 77 47.8% 1.098 0.295
No 66 46.2% 84 52.2%
Save drowning
Yes 68 47.6% 62 38.5% 2.530 0.112
No 75 52.4% 99 61.5%
Save carbon monoxide poisoning
Yes 44 30.8% 39 24.2% 1.635 0.201
No 99 69.2% 122 75.8%
Treat burns and scalds
Yes 59 41.3% 62 38.5% 0.239 0.625
No 84 58.7% 99 61.5%
None of the above
Yes 9 6.3% 26 16.1% 7.220 0.007**
No 134 93.7% 135 83.9%

*Chi-square test for difference between medical students and non-medical students (p < 0.05 considered statistically significant).

**Chi-square test for difference between medical students and non-medical students (p < 0.01 considered highly statistically significant).