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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Aug 12.
Published in final edited form as: J Coll Stud Ment Health. 2024 Jul 10;39(3):479–497. doi: 10.1080/28367138.2024.2373946

Table 3.

Odds of endorsing barriers/benefits across sociodemographic characteristics

Female (v. Male) Non-Hispanic White (v. Hispanic/non-Hispanic other/multiracial)

Outcome: Perceived Barrier OR CI OR CI

Cost 2.36 1.27–4.37 0.74 0.34–1.61
Embarrassment 0.81 0.44–1.47 0.90 0.45–1.77
Denial that there is a problem 1.40 0.80–2.46 1.19 0.63–2.26
Not feeling comfortable sharing feelings with another person 1.34 0.78–2.29 1.00 0.54–1.88
Wanting to handle problems on one’s own 0.98 0.60–1.61 1.34 0.78–2.30
Not wanting to talk to a counselor about personal issues 1.38 0.85–2.23 1.07 0.61–1.85
Not knowing where to go for help 2.29 1.45–3.62 0.91 0.53–1.57
Lack of social support .97 0.62–1.52 0.80 0.47–1.35
Lack of insurance 2.00 1.31–3.05 0.65 0.39–1.10
Not wanting to be labeled as “crazy” 1.23 0.81–1.88 0.65 0.39–1.08
Not wanting help 0.93 0.61–1.41 1.00 0.62–1.62
Not wanting to be placed on medication 1.23 0.81–1.86 1.23 0.77–1.96
Fear of counselors 1.21 0.81–1.81 1.02 0.64–1.62
Not wanting to be admitted to a hospital 1.03 0.69–1.54 0.96 0.61–1.52

Outcome: Perceived Benefit OR CI OR CI

Improved mental health 1.04 0.30–3.60 2.41 0.71–8.17
Self-awareness/personal growth 1.69 0.88–3.26 1.28 0.61–2.67
Reduced stress 1.23 0.66–2.28 0.86 0.41–1.80
Increased self-confidence 1.06 0.61–1.83 1.11 0.60–2.05
Increased communication 1.72 1.02–2.91 0.89 0.47–1.67
Increased social support 1.36 0.82–2.27 0.73 0.39–1.37
Increased comfort sharing feelings with others 1.17 0.71–1.95 1.12 0.63–1.99
More optimistic attitude 0.91 0.55–1.51 1.11 0.63–1.93
Resolving one’s problems 0.82 0.50–1.35 0.57 0.30–1.06
Improved life satisfaction 1.15 0.71–1.85 0.95 0.55–1.66
Happiness 0.86 0.55–1.35 1.01 0.61–1.68
Increased relationships 1.30 0.85–1.99 1.01 0.62–1.65
Improved sleep 0.97 0.64–1.46 0.91 0.57–1.47
Increased energy 1.06 0.70–1.60 1.01 0.63–1.61

Note. N=737. Bold text indicates p<.01. OR=Odds Ratio, CI=99% Confidence Interval. Sex coded as binary (male v. female) with male as the reference group. Race coded as binary (non-Hispanic white v. Hispanic/non-Hispanic other/multiracial) with non-Hispanic white as the reference group. Outcome for each logistic regression was the endorsement (or not) of each listed barrier or benefit. All models controlled for intervention randomization.