Table 4:
Odds of endorsing perceived barriers/benefits as a function of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and hazardous alcohol use
| Moderate/Severe Depression | Moderate/Severe Anxiety | Hazardous Alcohol Use | Co-occurring Conditions | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Outcome: Perceived Barrier | OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI |
|
| ||||||||
| Cost | 1.54 | 0.56–4.26 | 0.76 | 0.37–1.57 | 1.59 | 0.63–4.00 | 1.12 | 0.43–2.96 |
| Embarrassment | 0.88 | 0.42–1.85 | 0.96 | 0.47–1.96 | 1.09 | 0.53–2.23 | 1.07 | 0.47–2.46 |
| Denial that there is a problem | 1.23 | 0.55–2.75 | 1.06 | 0.52–2.16 | 1.20 | 0.57–2.52 | 2.26 | 0.79–6.50 |
| Not feeling comfortable sharing feelings with another person | 2.84 | 1.05–7.67 | 1.27 | 0.63–2.59 | 2.02 | 0.90–4.54 | 1.93 | 0.75–4.96 |
| Wanting to handle problems on one’s own | 2.36 | 1.07–5.18 | 1.06 | 0.57–1.97 | 2.28 | 1.11–4.69 | 2.64 | 1.08–6.48 |
| Not wanting to talk to a counselor about personal issues | 2.14 | 0.98–4.69 | 1.04 | 0.57–1.90 | 1.73 | 0.88–2.41 | 1.64 | 0.75–3.60 |
| Not knowing where to go for help | 1.18 | 0.61–2.30 | 1.02 | 0.57–1.80 | 1.36 | 0.73–2.53 | 1.34 | 0.65–2.76 |
| Lack of social support | 1.07 | 0.59–1.93 | 1.11 | 0.64–1.94 | 0.94 | 0.55–1.62 | 1.00 | 0.54–1.88 |
| Lack of insurance | 1.38 | 0.75–2.54 | 0.86 | 0.51–1.44 | 1.91 | 1.06–3.44 | 1.30 | 0.69–2.48 |
| Not wanting to be labeled as “crazy” | 1.10 | 0.62–1.94 | 0.93 | 0.56–1.56 | 1.42 | 0.83–2.44 | 1.43 | 0.76–2.68 |
| Not wanting help | 1.17 | 0.67–2.06 | 1.14 | 0.67–1.93 | 1.08 | 0.64–1.80 | 1.35 | 0.73–2.49 |
| Not wanting to be placed on medication | 1.16 | 0.66–2.03 | 0.98 | 0.59–1.64 | 1.28 | 0.76–2.16 | 1.24 | 0.68–2.27 |
| Fear of counselors | 1.77 | 1.00–3.15 | 0.94 | 0.57–1.55 | 1.65 | 0.98–2.79 | 1.67 | 0.91–3.08 |
| Not wanting to be admitted to a hospital | 1.21 | 0.71–2.06 | 1.07 | 0.65–1.76 | 1.56 | 0.94–2.59 | 1.28 | 0.72–2.28 |
|
| ||||||||
| Outcome: Perceived Benefit | OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI |
|
| ||||||||
| Improved mental health | 2.11 | 0.29–15.29 | 1.45 | 0.27–7.65 | 1.17 | 0.22–6.14 | 1.49 | 0.21–10.60 |
| Self-awareness/personal growth | 1.30 | 0.49–3.46 | 1.64 | 0.62–4.31 | 1.38 | 0.56–3.38 | 1.67 | 0.53–5.24 |
| Reduced stress | 1.11 | 0.47–2.64 | 1.10 | 0.50–2.43 | 1.12 | 0.51–2.48 | 1.12 | 0.45–2.83 |
| Increased self-confidence | 1.16 | 0.55–2.45 | 1.21 | 0.60–2.42 | 1.69 | 0.79–3.64 | 1.16 | 0.52–2.57 |
| Increased communication | 0.97 | 0.46–2.02 | 1.06 | 0.53–2.10 | 1.08 | 0.55–2.10 | 1.00 | 0.46–2.19 |
| Increased social support | 1.24 | 0.59–2.60 | 1.28 | 0.65–2.52 | 1.00 | 0.53–1.90 | 1.08 | 0.51–2.30 |
| Increased comfort sharing feelings with others | 1.06 | 0.53–2.11 | 1.51 | 0.76–2.98 | 1.38 | 0.70–2.71 | 1.3 | 0.60–2.81 |
| More optimistic attitude | 0.99 | 0.52–1.88 | 1.24 | 0.67–2.32 | 1.85 | 0.92–3.75 | 1.19 | 0.58–2.46 |
| Resolving one’s problems | 1.11 | 0.57–2.15 | 1.01 | 0.56–1.83 | 1.29 | 0.68–2.42 | 1.07 | 0.53–2.15 |
| Improved life satisfaction | 1.32 | 0.67–2.61 | 1.17 | 0.64–2.15 | 1.54 | 0.81–2.94 | 1.01 | 0.51–2.00 |
| Happiness | 0.92 | 0.52–1.64 | 0.94 | 0.55–1.61 | 1.68 | 0.92–3.07 | 1.04 | 0.55–1.94 |
| Increased relationships | 0.78 | 0.45–1.37 | 1.08 | 0.64–1.84 | 1.42 | 0.82–2.47 | 0.85 | 0.47–1.54 |
| Improved sleep | 0.89 | 0.52–1.53 | 1.00 | 0.61–1.66 | 1.15 | 0.69–1.92 | 0.87 | 0.49–1.53 |
| Increased energy | 1.06 | 0.62–1.83 | 1.25 | 0.75–2.08 | 1.21 | 0.72–2.03 | 1.17 | 0.65–2.11 |
Note. N=737. Bold text indicates p<.01. OR=Odds Ratio, CI=99% Confidence Interval. Moderate/severe depression was coded as binary, with scores 0–9 v. scores ≥10 on the PHQ-9. Moderate/severe anxiety was coded as binary, with scores 0–9 v. scores ≥10+ on the GAD-7. Hazardous alcohol use was coded as binary, with scores 0–7 v. scores ≥8 on the AUDIT. Outcome for each logistic regression was the endorsement (or not) of each listed barrier or benefit. All models controlled for biological sex, race/ethnicity, and intervention randomization.