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. 2025 Aug 8;18:52. doi: 10.1186/s13040-025-00469-2

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Embeddings information separates better toxins from non-toxins than aac. A 2D Principal Component Analysis(PCA) projection of amino acid composition (aac) (B) and per protein embeddings by ProtT5. The aac was scaled before the PCA was carried out, embeddings were not scaled (see Material and methods). Bacterial exotoxins (red) and secreted bacterial non-toxins (blue) form overlapping clusters