. 2025 Aug 5;13:e19685. doi: 10.7717/peerj.19685

Table 4. Reference intervals for CZE fractions established from 55 cattle.

Measurand	Units	n	Mean	SD	Median	Min	Max	P-value	Distribution	Method	LRL of RI	URL of RI	CI of LRL	CI of URL
Total protein	(g/dL)	55	7.30	0.90	7.40	4.30	10.30	0.01	NG	R, T	5.81	8.78	5.46–6.16	8.43–9.13
A/G ratio		55	0.68	0.08	0.69	0.46	0.85	0.35	G	R, T	0.53	0.82	0.50-0.56	0.79–0.85
Albumin	(%)	55	40.30	3.23	40.70	31.60	45.80	0.07	G	R, T	34.9	45.6	33.7–36.2	44.4–46.9
Albumin	(g/dL)	55	2.93	0.39	2.92	1.83	4.27	0.02	NG	R, T	2.23	3.47	2.15–2.45	3.42–3.72
Alpha 1	(%)	55	0.96	0.22	0.90	0.60	1.60	0.04	NG	R, T	0.59	1.32	0.50–0.67	1.24–1.41
Alpha 1	(g/dL)	55	0.07	0.01	0.07	0.03	0.12	0.39	G	R, T	0.03	0.11	0.03–0.04	0.09–0.11
Alpha 2	(%)	55	14.82	1.30	14.50	12.20	18.90	0.21	G	R, T	12.67	16.9	12.1–13.2	16.4–17.5
Alpha 2	(g/dL)	55	1.08	0.16	1.09	0.62	1.61	0.02	NG	R, T	0.80	1.35	0.74–0.87	1.29–1.42
Beta total	(%)	55	11.26	1.32	11.30	7.70	14.10	0.70	G	R, T	9.07	13.4	8.56–9.59	12.9–13.9
Beta total	(g/dL)	55	0.82	0.14	0.82	0.42	1.09	0.91	G	R, T	0.58	1.06	0.52–0.63	1.01–1.12
Gamma	(%)	55	32.65	3.42	32.80	25.70	41.40	0.64	G	R, T	27.0	38.2	25.7–28.3	36.9–39.6
Gamma	(g/dL)	55	2.38	0.42	2.39	1.40	3.53	0.33	G	R, T	1.68	3.08	1.52–1.85	2.92–3.25

Notes.