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. 2025 Aug 8;15:29102. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-13306-7

Table 4.

Regression Model Performance Metrics on Training and Testing Data.

MODEL MAE MSE RMSE R2
Testing Training Testing Training Testing Training Testing Training
AdaBoost 0.194 0.19 0.073 0.06 0.271 0.246 0.986 0.989
Decision Tree 0.03 0.01 0.038 0.02 0.194 0.01 0.993 0.998
Extra Tree 0.03 0.01 0.027 0.02 0.163 0.049 0.995 0.997
Gradient Boosting 0.035 0.032 0.017 0.01 0.131 0.097 0.997 0.998
K-Nearest Neighbours 0.295 0.225 0.176 0.107 0.42 0.327 0.967 0.98
Linear Regression 0.481 0.473 0.349 0.34 0.591 0.583 0.935 0.937
Neural Network 0.463 0.457 0.372 0.364 0.61 0.603 0.931 0.933
Random Forest 0.027 0.009 0.026 0.002 0.16 0.047 0.995 0.999
XGBoost 0.035 0.014 0.014 0.001 0.119 0.026 0.997 0.999
Stacking Ensemble (RF + XGB) 0.026 0.012 0.013 0.001 0.11 0.024 0.998 0.999