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. 2025 Apr 16;14:444. [Version 1] doi: 10.12688/f1000research.162911.1

Table 3. Effectiveness of SIFT, SURF, ORB, and their combinations on the ND TWINS dataset.

Sl No Descriptors/ML Models SVC LGBM XGBoost NC
1 SIFT 78% 75% 75% 72%
2 SURF 76% 73% 74% 71%
3 ORB 80% 79% 77% 76%
4 SIFT+SURF 83% 79% 81% 76%
5 SURF+ORB 84% 81% 80% 78%
6 ORB+SIFT 85% 82% 81% 80%
7 SIFT+SURF+ORB 88% 83% 83% 79%