Table 4. Effectiveness of SIFT, SURF, ORB, and their combinations on the ND TWINS dataset.
| Sl No | Descriptors/ML Models | SVC | LGBM | XGBoost | NC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | SIFT | 78% | 75% | 75% | 72% |
| 2 | SURF | 76% | 73% | 74% | 71% |
| 3 | ORB | 80% | 79% | 77% | 76% |
| 4 | SIFT+SURF | 83% | 79% | 81% | 76% |
| 5 | SURF+ORB | 84% | 81% | 80% | 78% |
| 6 | ORB+SIFT | 85% | 82% | 81% | 80% |
| 7 | SIFT+SURF+ORB | 88% | 83% | 83% | 79% |