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. 2025 Aug 8;25:1045. doi: 10.1186/s12913-025-13183-w

Table 5.

Results of random effects-ordered probit model

Dependent variable Mental ill-health
Variables Adults with children Adults without children
Gender (male = 1) −0.441*** −0.387***
(0.119) (0.115)
Age 0.0151* −0.0368***
(0.00848) (0.00701)
Low household income 0.411*** 0.410***
(0.104) (0.0910)
Middle household income 0.421*** 0.0395
(0.140) (0.122)
High household income 0.264** 0.172
(0.112) (0.108)
Sleep duration on weekdays −0.0972** −0.122***
(0.0474) (0.0442)
Debt 0.582*** 0.562***
(0.132) (0.122)
Job insecurity 0.725*** 0.655***
(0.121) (0.107)
Telecommuting 0.186 0.211
(0.136) (0.184)
Constant 0.366 −2.377***
(0.521) (0.468)
σu2 2.385*** 2.611***
(0.300) (0.285)
N 2841 3535
N of panel units 1148 1321

Standard errors in parentheses. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1