Table 3.
Association between frequency of ramen intake and total mortality (subgroup analyses).
| Frequency of ramen intake | Number of events/subjects | Unadjusted analysis |
Adjusted analyses* |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95%CI) | p-value | HR (95%CI) | p-value | ||
| Male | 85/2349 | ||||
| <1 /month | 19/360 | 2.04 (1.08–3.83) | 0.028 | 2.07 (1.09–3.97) | 0.027 |
| 1−3 times/month | 33/944 | 1.32 (0.76–2.31) | 0.323 | 1.40 (0.80–2.46) | 0.240 |
| 1−2 times/week | 21/788 | reference | reference | ||
| ≥3 times/week | 12/257 | 1.79 (0.87–3.69) | 0.115 | 1.74 (0.83–3.65) | 0.140 |
| Female | 60/4376 | ||||
| <1 /month | 13/914 | 0.91 (0.44–1.90) | 0.802 | 0.85 (0.40–1.80) | 0.672 |
| 1−3 times/month | 26/2195 | 0.76 (0.40–1.42) | 0.382 | 0.74 (0.39–1.39) | 0.301 |
| 1−2 times/week | 16/1025 | reference | reference | ||
| ≥3 times/week | 5/242 | 1.33 (0.48–3.67) | 0.581 | 1.23 (0.44–3.43) | 0.685 |
| Age <70 | 75/4089 | ||||
| <1 /month | 18/686 | 1.73 (0.89–3.39) | 0.107 | 2.17 (1.08–4.34) | 0.029 |
| 1−3 times/month | 28/1974 | 0.93 (0.53–1.65) | 0.809 | 1.07 (0.58–2.00) | 0.821 |
| 1−2 times/week | 17/1111 | reference | reference | ||
| ≥3 times/week | 12/318 | 2.52 (1.19–5.34) | 0.016 | 2.20 (1.03–4.73) | 0.043 |
| Age ≥70 | 70/2636 | ||||
| <1 /month | 14/588 | 0.83 (0.42–1.66) | 0.602 | 0.95 (0.47–1.94) | 0.898 |
| 1−3 times/month | 31/1165 | 0.93 (0.53–1.65) | 0.809 | 1.11 (0.62–1.99) | 0.730 |
| 1−2 times/week | 20/702 | reference | reference | ||
| ≥3 times/week | 5/181 | 0.97 (0.36–2.62) | 0.950 | 0.91 (0.33–2.48) | 0.850 |
| Noodle soup <1/2 | 72/3750 | ||||
| <1 /month | 16/845 | 0.87 (0.45–1.71) | 0.696 | 0.91 (0.46–1.79) | 0.776 |
| 1−3 times/month | 31/1814 | 0.78 (0.44–1.40) | 0.418 | 0.90 (0.50–1.62) | 0.733 |
| 1−2 times/week | 19/880 | reference | reference | ||
| ≥3 times/week | 6/211 | 1.32 (0.52–3.36) | 0.552 | 1.25 (0.31–2.05) | 0.640 |
| Noodle soup ≥1/2 | 73/2975 | ||||
| <1 /month | 16/429 | 1.96 (0.99–3.90) | 0.052 | 2.43 (1.20–4.92) | 0.014 |
| 1−3 times/month | 28/1325 | 1.10 (0.60–2.00) | 0.761 | 1.27 (0.69–2.33) | 0.443 |
| 1−2 times/week | 18/933 | reference | reference | ||
| ≥3 times/week | 11/288 | 2.02 (0.94–4.33) | 0.071 | 1.76 (0.81–3.85) | 0.153 |
| Alcohol (+) | 71/3038 | ||||
| <1 /month | 13/443 | 1.58 (0.77–3.26) | 0.213 | 1.76 (0.84–3.69) | 0.132 |
| 1−3 times/month | 25/1354 | 0.98 (0.53–1.81) | 0.960 | 1.12 (0.60–2.09) | 0.713 |
| 1−2 times/week | 18/960 | reference | reference | ||
| ≥3 times/week | 15/281 | 2.95 (1.47–5.93) | 0.002 | 2.71 (1.33–5.56) | 0.006 |
| Alcohol (−) | 74/3687 | ||||
| <1 /month | 19/831 | 1.03 (0.53–1.95) | 0.935 | 1.16 (0.60–2.25) | 0.654 |
| 1−3 times/month | 34/1785 | 0.85 (0.48–1.50) | 0.581 | 1.02 (0.57–1.83) | 0.936 |
| 1−2 times/week | 19/853 | reference | reference | ||
| ≥3 times/week | 2/218 | 0.41 (0.09–1.76) | 0.228 | 0.36 (0.08–1.57) | 0.174 |
HR: hazard ratio. CI: confidence interval.
*
Multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, amount of noodle soup consumed, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia.