Table 3.

Pooled Mean Procedural Times Before and After Learning Curve Completion

	Before learning curve	After learning curve	Difference/reduction
Operative time	304.7	220	84.7
CPB time	157.9	125.3	32.6
CC time	108.5	90.4	18.1
Harvest time	82.7	41.1	41.6

Means, minutes

This table summarizes the average operative, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), cross-clamp (CC), and graft harvest times across studies that reported time-based metrics before and after the defined learning curve threshold. Values reflect pooled means in minutes and illustrate improvements in procedural efficiency associated with learning curve progression