. 2025 Aug 11;15:29358. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15225-z

Table 3.

Summary of 17 types of adversarial attacks.

Attack Scope	Category count	Attack type	Attack stage	Attack code
Physical layer attacks (A)	3	Wavelength eavesdropping¹⁵	Single-point	A1
		Optical path hijacking	Multi-stage	A2
		Cross-domain privilege escalation	Multi-stage	A3
Data layer attacks (B)	3	Data tampering¹⁶	Single-point	B1
		Man-in-the-middle attack	Multi-stage	B2
		Data leakage	Single-point	B3
Logical layer attacks (C)	3	Web penetration attack	Multi-stage	C1
		APT (advanced persistent threat) attack	Multi-stage	C2
		SQL (structured query language) injection	Single-point	C3
Service layer attacks (D)	3	DoS (denial of service)¹⁸	Single-point	D1
		Botnet	Multi-stage	D2
		Service spoofing	Multi-stage	D3
Application layer attacks (E)	2	DDoS	Single-point	E1
Application layer attacks (E)	2	Brute force attack	Single-point	E2
Advanced composite attacks (F)	3	Route hijacking	Multi-stage	F1
		Resource exhaustion attack	Single-point	F2
		Protocol vulnerability exploitation¹⁸	Multi-stage	F3