Table 1.
Effect of Allium sativum, Carum copticum, and Crocus sativus on dyspnea
| Compound | Study design | Doses/Duration | Results | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. sativum powder | 15 participants with HPS | 6 months, PO | ↑ PO2 ↓ Alveolar-arterial gradient, exertional dyspnea |
(35) |
| Dried A. sativum | 15 children with HPS | 1 g/1.73 m2, 5 months, PO | ↑ Mean arterial oxygen pressure, PaO2 | (36) |
| A. sativum capsules (Gallecina) | 72 non-critically ill COVID-19 patients | 90 mg, three times a day, 5 days, PO | ↓ Body temperature, supplementary oxygen | (37) |
| A. sativum | 20 Healthy overweight adult |
3-4 g, PO | ↑ FEF25-75% ↓ FVC, FEV1 |
(38) |
| A. sativum powder | 22 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis | 5 g, three times a day, 7 days, PO | ↓ Pulmonary tuberculosis signs and symptoms | (39) |
| C. copticum boiled extract | 15 asthmatic patients | 0.125, 0.25 ml/kg of 10 g% boiled extract, PO | ↑ PFTs values | (45) |
| Dried C. sativus stigma | 80 individuals with mild/moderate allergic asthma | 50 mg, twice a day, 8 weeks, PO | ↑ FEF, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio ↓ hs-CRP, anti-HSP70 concentrations |
(59) |
| Dried C. sativus stigma | 80 samples with mild/moderate persistent allergic asthma |
100 mg, 8 weeks, PO | ↑ Sleep quality, activity levels ↓ Use of salbutamol spray, frequency of shortness of breath, severity of asthma |
(60) |
| Crocin | 23 COPD patients | 30 mg, 12 weeks, PO | ↑ Total antioxidant capacity, 6MWD ↓ Blood NF-κB levels, total oxidant status |
(62) |
| Crocin | 57 participants with COPD | 15 mg, twice a day, 12 weeks, PO | ↑ IL-6 levels, 6MWD, FEV1, FEV1/FVC ↓ Serum TNF-α levels |
(63) |
6MWD: 6-Minute walk distance; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; FEF: Forced expiratory flow; FEV1: Forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC: Forced vital capacity; HPS: Hepatopulmonary syndrome; hs-CRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HSP70: Heat shock protein 70; IL-6: Interleukin-6; NF-κB: Nuclear factor Kappa B; PO.: Per Os (by mouth); PaO2: Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood; PFTs: Pulmonary function tests; PO2: Partial pressure of oxygen; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha