Table 5.
Effect of Z. multiflora on dyspnea
| Compound | Study design | Doses/Duration | Results | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Z. multiflora extract | 40 asthmatic patients | 5, 10 mg/kg, 2 months, PO | ↑ FEV1% ↓Wheezing, nitrite levels |
(155) |
| Z. multiflora extract | 36 asthmatic patients | 5, 10 mg/kg, 2 months, PO | ↑ PFTs ↓Clinical symptoms, oxidative stress |
(156) |
| Z. multiflora extract | 18 asthmatic patients | 20 mg/kg, PO | ↑PFT values between 30 and 180 min | (153) |
| Z. multiflora extract | 47 veterans exposed to SM | 5, 10 mg/kg, 2 months, PO | ↑ PEF, serum thiol, SOD, CAT, FVC ↓ MDA, WBC |
(160) |
| Z. multiflora extract | 34 veterans exposed to SM | 5, 10 mg/kg, 2 months, PO | ↑ FEV1 values ↓ Cough, chest wheezing, EGF, MCP-1, TNF-α, VEGF |
(161) |
| Z. multiflora extract | 34 veterans exposed to SM | 5, 10 mg/kg, 2 months, PO | ↑ IL-10, IFN-γ, MMEF, MEF25, 50, 75 ↓Serum levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 |
(162) |
| Z. multiflora extract | 45 patients with COPD | 3, 6 mg/kg, 2 months, PO | ↑ FEV1, thiol, SOD, and CAT ↓ Sputum, chest wheezing, dyspnea, MDA, nitrite, CRP levels |
(163) |
| Z. multiflora extract | 41 patients with COPD | 3, 6 mg/kg, 2 months, PO | ↑ FVC, FEV1, PEF ↓Serum levels of TNF-α and IL-8, cough, chest tightness, dyspnea |
(169) |
| Z. multiflora extract | 45 patients with COPD | 3, 6 mg/kg, 2 months, PO | ↑ FEV1 values ↓Respiratory symptoms, inhaled bronchodilator use, and WBC counts |
(29) |
| Carvacrol | 40 asthmatic patients | 1.2 mg/kg, 2 months, PO | ↑ FEV1% ↓ Wheezing, nitrite levels |
(155) |
| Carvacrol | 20 patients exposed to SM | 3.6 mg/kg, 2 months, PO | ↑ PEF, serum levels of thiol, SOD, CAT ↓ WBC, MDA level |
(175) |
| Carvacrol | 20 patients exposed to SM | 1.2 mg/kg, three times a day, 2 months, PO | ↑ IL-10 and IFN‐γ levels, IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio, MMEF, MEF25, MEF50, MEF75 ↓ IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8 levels |
(176) |
| Carvacrol | 21 patients exposed to SM | 1.2 mg/kg, three times a day, 2 months, PO | ↑ FEV1 ↓ Chest wheeze, cough and wheeze, TNF-α, EGF, VEGF, and MCP-1 levels |
(177) |
| Carvacrol | 30, 40 healthy subjects | 2 mg/kg, a month, PO | ↑ FEV1 | (183, 184) |
CAT: Catalase; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; EGF: Epidermal growth factor; FEV1: Forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC: Forced vital capacity; IFN-γ: Interferon-gamma; IL: Interleukin; MCP-1: Monocyte chemotactic protein 1; MDA: Malondialdehyde; MEF: Maximal expiratory flow; MMEF: Maximal mid expiratory flow; PO: Per Os (by mouth); PEF: Peak expiratory flow; PFTs: Pulmonary function tests; SM: Sulfur mustard; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor