Table 2d. Abortion diagnosis in the Basque Country, Spain (reporting partner: NEIKER).

Pathogen / Test	Histopathology 1	Bacteriology		Serology	PCR or RT-PCR
		Culture 2	MZN 3
Coxiella burnetii	F; P		P (F; VS)	S (ELISA)	P; F; VS
Anaplasma phagocytophylum *					B
Brucella sp.	F; P	P; F; FSC; VS	P (F; VS)	S (RBT; CFT)
Campylobacter sp. (small ruminants) *	F; P	P; F; FSC; VS
Campylobacter fetus subsp. v enerealis *	F; P	P; F; FSC; VS; PS			VS; PS
Chlamydia abortus	F; P		P (F; VS)	S (ELISA)	P; VS; F
Leptospira	F; P			S; FF 4 (MAT)	F (lung; kidney); U; M
Mycoplasma *	F; P	P; VS
Tritrichomonas foetus *	F; P	P; F; VS; PS			VS; PS
Ureaplasma *	F; P	P; F; VS
Other bacteria (e.g. Salmonella sp., Listeria sp., Yersinia sp., Trueperella sp., Bacillus sp.)	F; P	P; F; FSC; VS
Neospora caninum	F; P			S (ELISA)	P, F
Toxoplasma gondii	F; P			S (ELISA)	P, F
Bovine herpesvirus (BHV-1)	F; P			S (ELISA)	P, F
Pestivirus (BD / BVD)	F; P			S; FF 4 (ELISA)	P; F; B
Schmallenberg virus *	F; P			S (ELISA)	P; F; Me; B
Mycoses ( Aspergillus) *	F; P	P

B: maternal blood, F: fetus, FF: fetal fluids, FSC , fetal stomach contents, M: milk, Me: meconium, P: placenta, PS: bull preputial smegma, S: maternal serum, U: urine, VS: vaginal swabs. MZN, Modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain of smear; CFT, Complement Fixation Test; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; MAT, microscopic agglutination test; RBT, Rose Bengal test.

* Pathogens not included in the standard abortion protocol.

¹ Fetal organs taken for histopathology include the CNS (Pestivirus, Schmallenberg, Toxoplasma & Neospora), liver ( Coxiella, BHV1), kidney ( Leptospira); thyroid (Pestivirus), spleen (Pestivirus), lung ( Coxiella, BHV1, Leptospira); lip and eyelid (Pestivirus), skeletal and cardiac muscle (protozoa), and skin (Mycoses).

² Fetus (F) for bacterial culture refers to liver.

³ For MZN the placenta is preferred; if not available, fetus (organ or stomach content) and/or vaginal swabs are analysed instead.

⁴ Serology of fetal fluids for immunocompetent fetuses.