Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Before and After Propensity Score Matching.
| Characteristic | Before PSM | After PSM | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With GLP-1 RA prescriptions, No. (%) (n = 280 593) | Without GLP-1 RA prescriptions, No. (%) (n = 1 399 684) | Standardized difference | With GLP-1 RA prescriptions, No. (%) (n = 185 066) | Without GLP-1 RA prescriptions, No. (%) (n = 185 066) | Standardized difference | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 58.0 (12.3) | 61.9 (15.1) | 0.277 | 59.0 (12.5) | 59.3 (13.9) | 0.028 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 145 019 (51.7) | 613 628 (43.8) | 0.157 | 93 389 (50.5) | 93 757 (50.7) | 0.004 |
| Male | 135 574 (48.3) | 786 056 (56.2) | 0.139 | 91 677 (49.5) | 91 309 (49.3) | 0.008 |
| Race and ethnicitya | ||||||
| Asian | 8088 (2.9) | 83 142 (5.9) | 0.149 | 6070 (3.3) | 5716 (3.1) | 0.011 |
| Black or African American | 50 182 (17.9) | 231 167 (16.5) | 0.036 | 33 306 (18.0) | 33 209 (17.9) | 0.001 |
| Hispanic or Latino | 27 154 (9.7) | 139 875 (10.0) | 0.011 | 17 891 (9.7) | 17 693 (9.6) | 0.004 |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 197 797 (70.5) | 922 855 (65.9) | 0.098 | 128 515 (69.4) | 128 769 (69.6) | 0.003 |
| White | 174 381 (62.1) | 787 430 (56.3) | 0.120 | 113 256 (61.2) | 114 315 (61.8) | 0.012 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Dyslipidemia | 240 406 (85.7) | 687 772 (49.1) | 0.847 | 151 500 (81.9) | 153 450 (82.9) | 0.028 |
| Hypertension | 236 233 (84.2) | 822 105 (58.7) | 0.588 | 151 086 (81.6) | 153 047 (82.7) | 0.028 |
| Ischemic heart diseases | 70 524 (25.1) | 299 960 (21.4) | 0.088 | 46 973 (25.4) | 47 746 (25.8) | 0.010 |
| Atrial fibrillation or flutter | 23 156 (8.3) | 125 265 (8.9) | 0.025 | 16 313 (8.8) | 16 582 (9.0) | 0.005 |
| Stroke | 14 784 (5.3) | 73 803 (5.3) | 0.001 | 10 337 (5.6) | 10 384 (5.6) | 0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular diseases | 8501 (3.0) | 29 879 (2.1) | 0.056 | 5735 (3.1) | 5972 (3.2) | 0.007 |
| CKD | 55 081 (19.6) | 199 192 (14.2) | 0.144 | 35 718 (19.3) | 36 617 (19.8) | 0.012 |
| COPD | 82 728 (29.5) | 230 628 (16.5) | 0.313 | 50 525 (27.3) | 50 917 (27.5) | 0.005 |
| Benign neoplasms | 84 306 (30.0) | 167 466 (12.0) | 0.455 | 48 855 (26.4) | 48 782 (26.4) | 0.001 |
| Malignant neoplasms | 109 702 (39.1) | 310 278 (22.2) | 0.374 | 66 903 (36.2) | 66 823 (36.1) | 0.001 |
| Personal history of nicotine dependence | 46 852 (16.7) | 125 620 (9.0) | 0.232 | 26 969 (14.6) | 26 916 (14.5) | 0.001 |
| Tobacco use | 18 287 (6.5) | 38 178 (2.7) | 0.181 | 9711 (5.2) | 9543 (5.2) | 0.004 |
| Medication use | ||||||
| Insulin | 178 341 (63.6) | 501 520 (35.8) | 0.577 | 108 236 (58.5) | 109 517 (59.2) | 0.014 |
| Metformin | 234 768 (83.7) | 444 171 (31.7) | 1.236 | 143 999 (77.8) | 146 838 (79.3) | 0.037 |
| Glipizide | 73 495 (26.2) | 121 824 (8.7) | 0.474 | 40 933 (22.1) | 41 613 (22.5) | 0.009 |
| Sitagliptin | 65 279 (23.3) | 84 857 (6.1) | 0.501 | 32 739 (17.7) | 32 426 (17.5) | 0.004 |
| Empagliflozin | 60 058 (21.4) | 20 251 (1.4) | 0.661 | 14 558 (7.9) | 13 168 (7.1) | 0.029 |
| Canagliflozin | 25 510 (9.1) | 9942 (0.7) | 0.396 | 6808 (3.7) | 6117 (3.3) | 0.020 |
| Glyburide | 19 498 (6.9) | 41 677 (3.0) | 0.184 | 12 361 (6.7) | 12 817 (6.9) | 0.010 |
| Dapagliflozin | 25 635 (9.1) | 11 995 (0.9) | 0.387 | 7311 (4.0) | 6673 (3.6) | 0.018 |
| Tirzepatide | 4387 (1.6) | 0 | 0.178 | 359 (0.2) | 0 | 0.062 |
| Antilipemic agents | 231 637 (82.6) | 597 510 (42.7) | 0.904 | 145 314 (78.5) | 147 711 (79.8) | 0.032 |
| Loop diuretics | 64 241 (22.9) | 222 373 (15.9) | 0.178 | 42 316 (22.9) | 43 257 (23.4) | 0.012 |
| Spironolactone | 24 483 (8.7) | 54 878 (3.9) | 0.198 | 14 223 (7.7) | 14 156 (7.6) | 0.001 |
| ACE inhibitors | 149 701 (53.4) | 380 045 (27.2) | 0.554 | 93 915 (50.7) | 96 051 (51.9) | 0.023 |
| Angiotensin II inhibitors | 97 349 (34.7) | 226 471 (16.2) | 0.435 | 58 249 (31.5) | 58 529 (31.6) | 0.003 |
| Sacubitril | 3859 (1.4) | 6857 (0.5) | 0.092 | 1868 (1.0) | 1797 (1.0) | 0.004 |
| Antineoplastics | 24 701 (8.8) | 64 302 (4.6) | 0.169 | 14 966 (8.1) | 14 984 (8.1) | 0.001 |
| Laboratory values | ||||||
| LDL cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 85.6 (36.7) | 94.0 (39.2) | 0.221 | 85.7 (36.4) | 93.2 (39.7) | 0.198 |
| BNP ≥150 pg/mL | 37 469 (13.4) | 138 826 (9.9) | 0.045 | 23 307 (12.6) | 26 144 (14.1) | 0.045 |
| NT-proBNP ≥450 pg/mL | 22 626 (8.1) | 76 539 (5.5) | 0.103 | 13 925 (7.5) | 14 930 (8.1) | 0.020 |
| HbA1c ≥6.5% | 278 326 (99.2) | 534 952 (38.2) | 1.745 | 183 229 (99.0) | 145 874 (78.8) | 0.185 |
| HbA1c, mean (SD), % | 8.0 (1.9) | 7.7 (2.0) | 0.180 | 7.9 (1.9) | 7.6 (1.9) | 0.128 |
| Iron, mean (SD), μg/dL | 67.0 (35.4) | 64.6 (41.7) | 0.062 | 67.4 (35.4) | 65.1 (39.1) | 0.060 |
| CRP, mean (SD), mg/L | 23.5 (47.5) | 37.7 (65.5) | 0.248 | 23.7 (47.7) | 29.4 (55.6) | 0.109 |
| LVEF, mean (SD), % | 59.2 (12.1) | 56.3 (14.7) | 0.222 | 59.6 (11.7) | 56.1 (14.7) | 0.258 |
| BMI ≥30 | 141 429 (50.4) | 363 942 (26.0) | 0.519 | 86 360 (46.7) | 87 834 (47.5) | 0.016 |
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; GLP-1 RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide; PSM, propensity score matching.
SI conversion factor: To convert BNP to nanogram per liter, multiply by 1.0; CRP to milligram per liter, multiply by 10; HbA1c to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01; iron to micromole per liter, multiply by 0.179; LDL cholesterol to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259.
a
Race and ethnicity were self-reported in the organizational electronic health records and obtained from TriNetX database.