Table 2.

Histopathological changes in major organs at different time points after D-GalN induction (H&E Staining).

Organ	12h	24h	36h
Liver	Disrupted hepatocyte arrangement, sinusoidal endothelial cell injury	Hepatocyte congestion and necrosis, aggravated central vein and sinusoidal congestion	Extensive hepatocyte necrosis, hydropic degeneration, vacuolar steatosis, moderate to severe lobular congestion
Intestine	Infiltration of eosinophils, shortened villi, shallow crypts	Massive lymphocyte infiltration in mucosa, mucosal erosion	Dense eosinophil and lymphocyte infiltration, vascular endothelial shedding
Lung	Intact bronchial mucosa, no significant alveolar abnormalities	Alveolar wall congestion, edema fluid accumulation, capillary thrombosis	Massive neutrophil infiltration in bronchi and alveoli, lobar pneumonia formation
Heart	Mild edema around serosal vessels, slight endocardial edema	Subendocardial edema more pronounced than at 12h	Extensive inflammatory cell infiltration in serosa, marked exudation, persistent endocardial edema
Spleen	Normal structure	Overall normal; mild inflammatory changes in red pulp and vascular areas	nflammatory cell infiltration in red pulp and vascular intima, moderate inflammation in white pulp; structure largely preserved
Kidney	Moderate to severe swelling of proximal tubules	Moderate to severe swelling of proximal tubules	Mild swelling of proximal tubules; glomerular structure remains intact