Table 2.
Comparison of demographic and clinical variables between SGA responders (Alda A score ≥ 7) and SGA non-responders (Alda A score < 7).
| Total (N=530) | SGA non-responder (N=356) | SGA responder (N=174) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BD type, n | 530 | 356 | 174 | |
| Bipolar I, n (%) | 361 (68%) | 248 (70%) | 113 (65%) | 0.143 |
| Bipolar II, n (%) | 160 (30%) | 100 (28%) | 60 (34%) | |
| Schizoaffective, n (%) | 9 (2%) | 8 (2%) | 1 (1%) | |
| Rapid cycling, n | 512 | 343 | 169 | 0.007 |
| Yes, n (%) | 315 (62%) | 225 (66%) | 90 (53%) | |
| Age of BD diagnosis, n | 518 | 346 | 172 | |
| ≤ 19 years old, n (%) | 229 (44%) | 151 (44%) | 78 (45%) | 0.713 |
| Age at enrollment, n | 530 | 356 | 174 | |
| Mean (SD) | 39.8 (14.6) | 40.1 (14.5) | 39.2 (14.7) | 0.525 |
| Sex, n | 530 | 356 | 174 | |
| Male, n (%) | 173 (33%) | 119 (33%) | 54 (31%) | 0.581 |
| Female, n (%) | 357 (67%) | 237 (67%) | 120 (69%) | |
| Race, n | 527 | 354 | 173 | |
| White, n (%) | 372 (71%) | 269 (76%) | 103 (60%) | <0.001 |
| Black, n (%) | 26 (5%) | 21 (6%) | 5 (3%) | |
| Asian, n (%) | 6 (1%) | 4 (1%) | 2 (1%) | |
| Other, n (%) | 123 (23%) | 60 (17%) | 63 (36%) | |
| Hispanic, n | 507 | 339 | 168 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 130 (26%) | 63 (19%) | 67 (40%) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, n | 504 | 343 | 161 | |
| Mean (SD) | 30.6 (7.7) | 30.9 (7.7) | 30.1 (7.8) | 0.240 |
| Currently married, n | 505 | 339 | 166 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 198 (39%) | 138 (41%) | 60 (36%) | 0.324 |
| Current full-time employment, n | 500 | 335 | 165 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 107 (21%) | 66 (20%) | 41 (25%) | 0.187 |
| Highest education level, n | 497 | 334 | 163 | |
| High school or less, n (%) | 17 (3%) | 7 (2%) | 10 (6%) | 0.020 |
| High school graduated, n (%) | 70 (14%) | 42 (13%) | 28 (17%) | |
| Beyond high school graduation, n (%) | 410 (82%) | 285 (85%) | 125 (77%) | |
| BD Medication Response | ||||
| FGA: Alda A score, n | 42 | 28 | 14 | |
| Mean (SD) | 2.7 (2.6) | 2.1 (2.3) | 3.9 (3.0) | 0.044 |
| SGA: Alda A score, n | 530 | 356 | 174 | |
| Mean (SD) | 5.0 (2.7) | 3.6 (2.0) | 8.0 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Current Use of Other BD Medications | ||||
| Current lithium, n | 530 | 356 | 174 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 119 (22%) | 78 (22%) | 41 (24%) | 0.668 |
| Current MSACs, n | 530 | 356 | 174 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 292 (55%) | 196 (55%) | 96 (55%) | 0.980 |
| Current antidepressants, n | 530 | 356 | 174 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 234 (44%) | 172 (48%) | 62 (36%) | 0.006 |
| Family History (First-degree Relative) | ||||
| BD, n | 408 | 267 | 141 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 197 (48%) | 144 (54%) | 53 (38%) | 0.002 |
| Schizophrenia, n | 426 | 278 | 148 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 37 (9%) | 29 (10%) | 8 (5%) | 0.079 |
| Lifetime Psychiatric Illness History | ||||
| Adult ADHD, n | 520 | 349 | 171 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 107 (21%) | 84 (24%) | 23 (13%) | 0.005 |
| Child ADHD, n | 518 | 349 | 169 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 98 (19%) | 76 (22%) | 22 (13%) | 0.017 |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder, n | 515 | 345 | 170 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 146 (28%) | 111 (32%) | 35 (21%) | 0.006 |
| General anxiety disorder, n | 519 | 348 | 171 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 264 (51%) | 190 (55%) | 74 (43%) | 0.015 |
| Social anxiety disorder, n | 518 | 348 | 170 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 114 (22%) | 88 (25%) | 26 (15%) | 0.010 |
| Obsessive compulsive disorder, n | 519 | 348 | 171 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 68 (13%) | 52 (15%) | 16 (9%) | 0.076 |
| Phobia, n | 295 | 211 | 84 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 32 (11%) | 26 (12%) | 6 (7%) | 0.197 |
| Panic, n | 520 | 349 | 171 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 203 (39%) | 148 (42%) | 55 (32%) | 0.024 |
| Anorexia, n | 520 | 350 | 170 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 24 (5%)* | 19 (5%) | 5 (3%)* | 0.205 |
| Bulimia, n | 520 | 350 | 170 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 30 (6%) | 21 (6%) | 9 (5%) | 0.746 |
| Binge eating, n | 519 | 349 | 170 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 105 (20%) | 67 (19%) | 38 (22%) | 0.401 |
| Psychosis history, n | 522 | 349 | 173 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 248 (48%) | 157 (45%) | 91 (53%) | 0.101 |
| Manic psychosis, n | 522 | 349 | 173 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 143 (27%) | 88 (25%) | 55 (32%) | 0.113 |
| Suicide Attempt History | ||||
| Suicide attempt (ever), n | 524 | 352 | 172 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 214 (41%) | 148 (42%) | 66 (38%) | 0.422 |
| Lifetime Substance Use Disorder History | ||||
| Nicotine use disorder, n | 517 | 348 | 169 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 181 (35%) | 129 (37%) | 52 (31%) | 0.159 |
| Alcohol use disorder, n | 519 | 348 | 171 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 186 (36%) | 117 (34%) | 69 (40%) | 0.133 |
| Cocaine use disorder, n | 518 | 347 | 171 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 60 (12%) | 38 (11%) | 22 (13%) | 0.522 |
| Marijuana use disorder, n | 521 | 350 | 171 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 127 (24%) | 84 (24%) | 43 (25%) | 0.775 |
| Methamphetamine use disorder, n | 521 | 349 | 172 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 31 (6%) | 18 (5%) | 13 (8%) | 0.276 |
| Opioid use disorder, n | 517 | 346 | 171 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 45 (9%) | 36 (10%) | 9 (5%) | 0.051 |
| Benzodiazepine use disorder, n | 363 | 237 | 126 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 33 (9%) | 23 (10%) | 10 (8%) | 0.577 |
| Medical Comorbidity | ||||
| Modified CIRS, n | 301 | 214 | 87 | |
| Medical comorbidity severity†, mean (SD) | 6.7 (7.3) | 7.4 (7.6) | 5.3 (6.4) | 0.001 |
| Cardiac, n (%) | 50 (17%) | 41 (19%) | 9 (10%) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 98 (33%) | 69 (32%) | 29 (33%) | |
| Vascular, n (%) | 37 (12%) | 28 (13%) | 9 (10%) | |
| Respiratory, n (%) | 105 (35%) | 77 (36%) | 28 (32%) | |
| Eyes, ears, nose, throat, larynx, n (%) | 116 (39%) | 77 (36%) | 39 (45%) | |
| Upper gastrointestinal, n (%) | 112 (37%) | 87 (41%) | 25 (29%) | |
| Lower gastrointestinal, n (%) | 77 (26%) | 54 (25%) | 23 (26%) | |
| Hepatic, n (%) | 14 (5%) | 7 (3%) | 7 (8%) | |
| Renal, n (%) | 31 (10%) | 24 (11%) | 7 (8%) | |
| Other genitourinary, n (%) | 77 (26%) | 54 (25%) | 23 (26%) | |
| Musculoskeletal, integumentary, n (%) | 146 (49%) | 112 (52%) | 34 (39%) | |
| Neurological, n (%) | 150 (50%) | 113 (53%) | 37 (43%) | |
| Endocrine-metabolic, n (%) | 119 (40%) | 86 (40%) | 33 (38%) | |
| EDDS score | 442 | 299 | 143 | 0.253 |
| Mean (SD) | −0.02 (0.53) | −0.06 (0.51) | 0.00 (0.53) | |
| Tardive dyskinesia, n | 238 | 149 | 89 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 23 (10%) | 16 (11%) | 7 (8%) | 0.468 |
†
The mean of the scores of the first 13 categories (excluding psychiatric) in the Modified Cumulative Illness Ration Scale (CIRS).
ADHD: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; BD: bipolar disorder; CIRS: Cumulative Illness Ration Scale; FGA: first-generation antipsychotics; MSAC: Mood-stabilizing anticonvulsant; SGA: second-generation antipsychotics
Bold p-value: < 0.001
*
Frequency < 5%