2. Comparison between the Recent Studies on Sustainable Membrane Fabrication via Green Solvents and Petroleum-based/Toxic Solvents.
| solvents | polymer | cosolvent | membrane fabrication method | application | flux/permeance | rejection | refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| green solvents | cyrene (biobased) | matrimid | THF | NIPS | gas separation | |||
| PES | spray coating + NIPS | UF, support layer | 68.9 | |||||
| PLA | NIPS | UF | 24.0 | |||||
| PSf | NIPS | UF | 29.1 | BSA: 96.7% | ||||
| PVDF | NIPS | UF | ||||||
| dimethyl isosorbide (biobased) | PES | VIPS + NIPS | UF | 2500 | ||||
| PLA | NIPS | UF | 389 | |||||
| PVDF | VIPS + NIPS | UF | 2100 | |||||
| ethyl lactate (biobased) | CA | ethanol | electrospinning | photosensitizer | ||||
| CA + GO | NIPS | UF | 6.0 | methyl orange: 38.9% | ||||
| PLA | NIPS | UF | 93.0 | |||||
| [EMIM]OAc (synthetic) | cellulose | acetone | NIPS | oil/water separation | 39.0 | emulsion retention: 99.0% | ||
| cellulose | DMSO + H2O | NIPS | gas separation | |||||
| CA | acetone | NIPS | UF | 110.0–330.0 | BSA: 91.0% | |||
| γ-globulin: 96.0–98.0% | ||||||||
| methyl lactate (biobased) | CA | 2-MeTHF | NIPS | NF | 2.4–12.8 | rose Bengal: 93.0–99.5% | ||
| CA | NIPS | NF | 0.2 | 100 kDa PEG: 100% | ||||
| PLA | NIPS | UF, MF | 21.9 | 10 kDa dextran: 99.9% | ||||
| rhodiasolv PolarClean (biobased) | PSf | NIPS | UF, support layer | 4000 | ||||
| PVDF-HFP | VIPS/NIPS | UF | 4000–10,000 | methylene blue: 72–89% | ||||
| γ-valerolactone (biobased) | CA | NIPS | NF | 1.7 | rose Bengal: 96.2 | |||
| CTA | NIPS | NF | 15.9 | rose Bengal: 94% | ||||
| polyimide | NIPS | NF | 2.6 | rose Bengal: 97.2% | ||||
| PES | NIPS | NF | 1.1 | rose Bengal: 96.2% | ||||
| PSf | NIPS | UF, support layer | 5,500 | |||||
| PSf | NIPS | UF | 15.6 | BSA: 92.7% | ||||
| PSf | NIPS | NF | 1.3 | rose Bengal: 98.3 | ||||
| petroleum-based/toxic solvents | DMAc | PES | NIPS | UF | 44.4 | powder milk proteins: 98% | ||
| PSf | NIPS | UF | 10.7 | BSA: 90.1% | ||||
| PSf | NIPS | UF | 15.8 | BSA: 96.0% | ||||
| PVDF | NIPS | UF | 32.9 | protein: 98.0% | ||||
| DMF | PSf | NIPS | UF | 3.2 | BSA: 95.1% | |||
| PSf | NIPS | UF | 55.8 | BSA: 95.2% | ||||
| PVDF | NIPS | UF | 17.0 | BSA: >80% | ||||
| NMP | CA | NIPS | UF | 49.3 | ||||
| CA | γ-butyrolactone | NIPS | UF | 1,78l | 100k dextran: 90% | |||
| PES | NIPS | UF | 39.4 | |||||
| PSf | NIPS | UF | 46.3 | BSA: >96.0% | ||||
| PVDF | NIPS | UF | 9.2 | river water TOC removal: 73% |
a
Data is only referenced for water separation membranes.