TABLE 1.
Overview of studies on Experimental Swine VCA models.
| Author and year | Study design | Animals used | Transplant model | Heterotopic/orthotopic | Facial VCA (yes/no) | Tissue type | Donor | Recipient |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barone et al. [23] | In vitro | Complete MHC mismatched MGH miniature swine | Gracilis VCA transplanted to the cervical region | Heterotopic | No | Myocutaneous | MGH miniature swine | MGH miniature swine |
| Berkane et al. [33] | Ex vivo | Female Yorkshire pigs | Bilateral partial hindlimb VCA | N/A | No | Osteomyocutaneous | Female Yorkshire pigs | N/A |
| Blades et al. [43] | In vivo | Sinclair and Yucatan pigs | VRAM flap transplanted to the neck region | Heterotopic | No | Myocutaneous | Sinclair pigs | Yucatan pigs |
| Elgendy et al. [26] | In vitro | SLA- mismatched MGH miniature swines | VRAM flap transplanted to dorso-lateral neck region | Heterotopic | No | Myocutaneous | MGH miniature swine | MGH miniature swine |
| Fries et al. [35] | In vivo | SH- mismatched miniature swine | Radio-ulnar forelimb VCA | Orthotopic | No | Osteomyocutaneous | SH- mismatched Yucatan miniature pigs | SH- mismatched Yucatan miniature pigs with four SLA-HS |
| Ibrahim et al. [36] | In vivo | MHC-defined inbred MGH miniature swine | Hind limb VCA transplanted to subcutaneous abdominal wall pockets | Heterotopic | No | Osteomyocutaneous | Male MGH miniature swine | Female miniature swine |
| Kim et al. [25] | In vivo | Fully MHC mismatched MGH miniature swine | Hind-limb VCA model | Heterotopic | No | N/A | MGH mini-swine | MGH mini-swine |
| Kotsougiani et al. [28] | In vivo | Yucatan miniature pig | Tibial defect VCA model | Orthotopic | No | Osteomyocutaneous | Yucatan mini pig tibia (SLA- and blood type compatibility) | Yucatan mini pig tibia, age and size matched (SLA- and blood type compatibility) |
| Kuo et al. [29] | In vitro | Outbred miniature swine (genotypes: GPI-BB and PGD-AA) | Hind limb VCA transplanted to subcutaneous abdominal wall pockets | Heterotopic | No | Osteomyocutaneous | Outbred miniature swine (lan-yu strain; age 3 months; weight 12–20 kg) | Outbred miniature swine (lan-yu strain; age 3 months; weight 12–20 kg) |
| Kuo et al. [29] | In vivo | Outbred miniature swine (Lan-Yu and Hwa-Ban strains) | Hemi-facial flap (skin, muscle, ear cartilage, nerve, parotid gland, surrounding tissue) | Orthotopic | Yes | Chondromyocutaneous | Lan-Yu and Hwa-Ban strain | Lan-Yu strain |
| Kuo et al. [30] | In vitro | Outbred miniature swine | Hind limb VCA transplanted to subcutaneous abdominal wall pockets | Heterotopic | No | Osteomyocutaneous | Outbred miniature swine lan-yu strain; age 3 months; weight 12–20 kg | Outbred miniature swine lan-yu strain; age 3 months; weight 12–20 kg |
| Kuo et al. [31] | Ex vivo | Outbred miniature swine | Hind limb VCA transplanted to subcutaneous abdominal wall pockets | Heterotopic | No | Osteomyocutaneous | Female outbred miniature swine | Male outbred miniature swine |
| Leonard et al. [24] | In vitro | MGH miniature swine | Hind limb VCA transplanted to neck or abdominal wall region | Heterotopic | No | Fasciocutaneous | MGH miniature swine with PAA-positive SLA | MGH miniature Swine with PAA-negative SLA |
| Mathes et al. [32] | In utero and in vitro | MGH miniature swine and outbred Yorkshire sows and boars | Hind limb VCA transplanted to subcutaneous abdominal wall pockets | Heterotopic | No | Osteomyocutaneous | SLA homozygous MGH miniature swine | Outbred Yorkshire sow and boar fetuses (negative for SLA class Ic) |
| Park et al. [44] | In vivo | Domestic swine | Hemi-facial flap (skin, mucosa, subcutaneous fat tissue, ear, maxilla and mandibular bone) | Orthotopic | Yes | Osteochondrocutaneous | Domestic swine | Domestic swine |
| Shanmugarajah et al. [38] | In vitro | Miniature MGH swine model | Hind limb VCA transplanted to the neck region | Heterotopic | No | Fasciocutaneous | HC miniature swine model (SLAgg class Ic/iid) | HC miniature swine model (SLAcc class Ic/iic) |
| Tratnig-Frankl et al. [39] | In vivo/ex vivo | MHC-defined miniature swine | Gracilis VCA model | Orthotopic | No | Myocutaneous | MHC-defined miniature swine | MHC-defined miniature swine (group 1: class I and class II match; group 2: class I and class II missmatch) |
| Wachtman et al. [27] | In vitro | Yucatan miniature swine | Hind limb VCA transplanted to subcutaneous abdominal wall pockets | Heterotopic | No | Osteomyocutaneous | Yucatan miniature swine | Yucatan miniature swine |
| Waldner et al. [40] | In vivo | Partially inbred SLA–mismatched miniature swine (homozygous HC alleles) | VRAM flap transplanted to the neck region | Heterotopic | No | Myocutaneous | Miniature swine (hetero- and homozygous for HC; 2-3 months old; weight between 10 and 20 kg; full SLA mismatch | Miniature swine, (hetero- and homozygous for HC; 3-5 months old; weight between 20 and 30 kg; full SLA mismatch |
| Wang et al. [45] | Ex vivo | Yorkshire swines (SLA-mismatch in one) | Gracilis VCA transplanted to the neck region | Heterotopic | No | Myocutaneous | Yorkshire swine | Yorkshire swine |
| Wu et al. [42] | In vivo | SLA- mismatch swine | Gracilis VCA model | Heterotopic | No | Myocutaneous | Swine with single SLA mismatch | Swine with single SLA mismatch |
| Zhang et al. [34] | In vivo | MHC-mismatched Swiss landrace pigs | Knee VCA transplanted to subcutaneous abdominal wall pockets | Heterotopic | No | Osteomyocutaneous | Swiss landrace pigs (MHC-mismatched; aged 11–14 weeks) | Swiss landrace pigs (MHC-mismatched) |
MGH, Massachusetts General Hospital; SLA, Swine leukocyte antigen; HC, histocompatibility complex; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; VCA, vascularized composite allotransplant; SH, single haplotype; PAA, pig allelic antigen; CS, Cold Storage; TAC, tacrolimus; MMF, Mycophenolate Mofetil; MPDN, Methylprednisolone; CXA, cyclosporine A; CD3-IT, CD3-Immunotoxin; (CTLA4-Ig), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 immunoglobulin; POD, postoperative day; AR, acute rejection; DSAs, donor specific antibodies; N/A, not applicable; TGMS, triglycerol monostearate; VRAM, vertical rectus abdominus myocutaneous flap, ASC, adipose-derived stem cell; AV, arteriovenous.