Table 2.
Study results (N = 11) including dropout rates and group comparisons on PTSD symptom outcomes.
| First author, Year | Treatment/Comparison | Posttreatment dropout % (n) Treatment | Posttreatment dropout % (n) Comparison | Primary outcome (Measure) | Baseline mean (SD) Treatment | Baseline mean (SD) Comparison | Follow-up assessment | Follow-up mean (SD) Treatment | Follow-up mean (SD) Comparison | p-valuea | Cohen’s d Effect Sizeb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||||
| DuHamel et al., 2010 | CBT with trauma focus/Assessment only | 9.6 (5) | 8.1 (3) | PTSD symptoms (PCL-C) | 32.05 (12.39) | 33.97 (11.36) | 6-mon 9-mon 12-mon |
25.38 (12.57) 24.63 (12.09) 24.00 (15.00) |
32.05 (13.97) 31.99 (13.10) 30.89 (13.07) |
.030* .012* .031* |
0.51 0.59 0.48 |
| Shemesh et al., 2011 | CBT with trauma focus/Medication education | 23.3 (7) | 6.7 (2) | PTSD symptoms (IES) | NR | NR | 2-mon | NR | NR | >.05 | NA |
| Arabia et al., 2011 | EMDR/Imaginal exposure | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | PTSD symptoms (IES-R) | Total sample: 33.62 (7.21) IES-R > 33: 40.00 (6.65) |
Total sample: 32.29 (7.21) IES-R > 33: 40.88 (6.27) |
PT 6-mon PT 6-mon |
12.10 (7.19) 7.95 (7.86) 13.73 (6.66) 8.03 (7.52) |
19.67 (7.21) 13.64 (7.57) 25.13 (6.27) 17.67 (6.60) |
.004 .022 .001 .009 |
1.05 0.74 1.75 1.35 |
| Pacella et al., 2012 | PE/Weekly monitoring | 32.3 (11) | 0 (0) | PTSD symptoms (PSS-I) | 25.30 (10.26) | 26.00 (9.62) | PT 3-mon |
8.30 (4.83) 7.32 (6.74) |
24.13 (10.66) 20.46 (8.94) |
<.001* <.001* |
1.90 1.65 |
| Capezzani et al., 2013 | EMDR/CBT | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | PTSD symptoms (IES-R) | 50.91 (9.45) | 54.70 (10.62) | PT | 20.55 (17.85) | 46.60 (14.13) | .001* | 1.61 |
| Ford et al., 2016 | CBT/Usual cardiac care | NR | NR | PTSD symptoms (IES-R, mean item) | 2.23 (0.70) | 2.08 (0.39) | 12-mon | 0.98 (0.53) | 1.49 (0.56) | .016* | 0.93 |
| Carletto et al., 2016 | EMDR/Relaxation therapy | 20 (5) | 12 (3) | PTSD symptoms (IES-R) | 53.05 (12.87) | 51.36 (9.58) | PT 6-mon |
28.25 (18.28) NR | 28.68 (19.39) NR |
>.05 >.05 |
.02 NA |
| Jarero et al., 2018 | EMDR/Waitlist control | 0 (0) | 13.3 (4) | PTSD symptoms (PCL-5) | 44.89 (10.26) | 43.85 (11.19) | PT 3-mon |
20.51 (8.80) 17.89 (11.67) |
37.19 (12.89) 35.09 (9.79) |
<.001* <.001* |
1.55 1.58 |
| Jiang et al., 2022 | Supportive therapy/Health education | 11.1 (1) | 0 (0) | PTSD symptoms (PCL-5) | NR | NR | 6-mon | 33.75 (6.92) | 46.11 (8.14) | .004* | 1.63 |
| Zolfa et al., 2023 | WET/Assessment only | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | PTSD symptoms (PCL-5) |
56.52 (4.68) | 55.83 (3.69) | PT 3-mon |
34.09 (4.14) 32.30 (2.74) |
52.78 (4.92) 52.43 (4.68) |
<.001* <.001* |
4.11 5.25 |
| Jiang et al., 2023 | TMS and TMS + BE/Sham TMS | TMS + BE NR (2) TMS NR (2) |
Sham TMS NR (1) | PTSD symptoms (IES-R) |
TMS + BE 50.4 (8.5) TMS 49.0 (10.5) |
Sham TMS 47.9 (8.6) |
3-mon | NR NR |
NR | .001* .01* |
NA NA |
Note. CBT: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; EMDR: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing; IES-R: Impact of Event Scale-Revised; NA: not applicable; NR: not reported; PCL-5: PTSD Checklist for DSM-5; PCL-C: PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version; PE: Prolonged Exposure; PSS-I: PTSD Symptom Scale – Interview Version; PT: posttreatment; SD: standard deviation; TMS: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; TMS + BE: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation plus brief exposure; WET: Written Exposure Therapy
p-values were calculated for this review based on reported values using t-tests (two-tailed, assuming equal variances) comparing posttreatment and follow-up means for treatment and comparison groups.
Cohen’s d estimates were calculated for this systematic review when available information was reported. Positive values indicate that the treatment condition was favoured over the comparison condition.