TABLE 1.
Diagnoses provided by GPT-3.5, GPT-4, and 2 neuro-ophthalmologists
| Correct Diagnosis of the Case | GPT-3.5 Diagnosis | GPT-4 Diagnosis | Neuro-Ophthalmologist 1 Diagnosis | Neuro-Ophthalmologist 2 Diagnosis |
| Demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM) with associated optic neuritis | Disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) | Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) | Optic neuritis due to meningitis | Viral meningitis |
| Optic nerve drusen | Papilledema, specifically due to idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) | Optic disc drusen | Optic disc drusen | Optic disc drusen |
| Optic nerve hypoplasia | Congenital glaucoma | Mature cataract and optic atrophy in the left eye, and exotropia | Optic nerve hypoplasia | Optic nerve hypoplasia |
| Optic neuritis | Optic neuritis | Optic neuritis | Optic neuritis due to multiple sclerosis (MS) | Optic neuritis; MS |
| Optic nerve hypoplasia | Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) | Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) | de Morsier Syndrome | SOD with optic nerve hypoplasia |
| Cranial nerve IV (trochlear nerve) palsy | Fourth nerve palsy | Fourth nerve palsy (trochlear nerve palsy) | Traumatic CN IV palsy OD | Traumatic right fourth nerve palsy |
| Dorsal midbrain syndrome (Parinaud syndrome) | Superior oblique myokymia | Parinaud syndrome, (dorsal midbrain syndrome) | Dorsal midbrain syndrome | Dorsal midbrain syndrome |
| Traumatic optic neuropathy | Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) | TON | TON secondary to orbital canal fracture | TON |
| Ethambutol toxicity and optic neuropathy | Ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy | Toxic optic neuropathy, most likely related to the use of ethambutol | Ethambutol toxicity/toxic optic neuropathy | Toxic (ethambutol) optic neuropathy |
| Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy | Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) | Perioperative ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) | PION | PION |
| Recurrent neuroretinitis | Multiple sclerosis (MS) | Optic neuritis (ON) | Optic neuritis | Optic neuritis |
| Horner syndrome due to cluster headache | Cluster headache, specifically the variant known as “cluster-tic syndrome” or “cluster migraine syndrome” | Cluster headache (CH), specifically with a Horner syndrome | Horner syndrome secondary to cluster headaches | Cluster headache |
| Horner syndrome due to ipsilateral internal carotid artery dissection | Carotid artery dissection | Horner syndrome related to a carotid artery dissection | Horner syndrome due to carotid dissection | Cervical carotid artery dissection causing Horner syndrome |
| Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri) | Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri | Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri | IIH | IIH |
| Idiopathic orbital myositis | Graves ophthalmopathy, also known as thyroid eye disease | Idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome (IOIS), also known as orbital myositis | Orbital myositis | Thyroid eye disease |
| Leber hereditary optic neuropathy | Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) | Papilledema | LHON | LHON |
| Miller Fisher syndrome | Miller Fisher syndrome | Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) | MFS/GuillainBarre | MFS |
| Myasthenia gravis | Myasthenia gravis (MG) | Myasthenia gravis (MG) | MG | Ocular MG |
| Neurofibromatosis Type 1—optic nerve glioma | Optic pathway glioma | Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) | Optic nerve glioma | Optic pathway glioma |
| Thyroid eye disease (Graves ophthalmopathy) | Thyroid eye disease (Graves ophthalmopathy) | Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves ophthalmopathy | TED | TFD with compressive optic neuropathy |
| Visual snow syndrome | Persistent migraine aura without infarction (PMA) | Visual snow syndrome (VSS) | Visual snow | Visual snow syndrome |
| Unilateral optic nerve hypoplasia | Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) | Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) | Sensory exotropia secondary to optic nerve hypoplasia | Optic nerve hypoplasia |