Table 1.

Participant Characteristics for Studies 1, 2, and 3.

Participant Characteristic	Study 1 (n = 12)		Study 2 (n = 17)		Study 3 (n = 600)
Age M (SD)	54.33 (14.46)		45.41 (14.10)		39.31 (14.26)
Gender (% female)	58.3%		29.4%		70.8%
Education	Value	n (%)	Value	n (%)	Value	n (%)
	High School Diploma	1 (8.3%)	College Degree	17 (100%)	Some High School	50 (8.3%)
	Some College	2 (16.6%)			High School Diploma	175 (29.2%)
	College Degree	9 (75%)			Some College	179 (29.8%)
					College Degree	196 (32.7%)
Cultural Connection
I know my Indian name n (%)	10 (83.3)		N/A		334 (55.7)
I have a traditional person, Elder or Clan Mother who I can talk to n (%)	12 (100)		N/A		304 (50.7)
I believe that animals and rocks have a spirit like Native people n (%)	12 (100)		N/A		88 (14.7)
I participate in traditional spiritual ceremonies n (%)	12 (100)		N/A		416 (69.3)
When I am in need of guidance, I look to my Native culture for help n (%)	10 (100)		N/A		471 (78.5)
Prior Experiences with Loss	Value	n (%)	Value	n (%)	Value	n (%)
How many people close to you have you lost in the past 2 years? n (%)	0	3 (25)	1–5	9 (52.9)	1	279 (46.5)
	1–5	5 (41.7)	6–10	5 (29.4)	2–5	272 (45.3)
	6–10	3 (25)	10 or more	3 (17.7)	6–10	27 (4.5)
	10 or more	1 (8.3)			10 or more	22 (3.7)
How many funerals have you been to in the past year? n (%)	0	1 (8.3)	0	3 (17.7)	0	285 (47.5)
	1–5	6 (50)	1–5	10 (58.9)	1–5	290 (48.3)
	6 or more	5 (41.7)	6 or more	4 (5.9)	6 or more	25 (4.2)

Note. Participants in Study 2 were not asked questions about cultural connection.