Table 3.

Characterize natural disasters, human-made disasters, and CBRNE disasters

Type of Hazard	Sensing with five senses	Sensing with machines	Symptoms	Specific therapy	Example
Natural Disaster	possible	impossible	Acute trauma	none	Great East Japan Earthquake6)
Human-made Disaster	possible	impossible	Acute trauma	none	Aircraft accidents, train accidents, etc.
Chemical Disaster	impossible	partially possible	Acute specific symptom	antagonist drugs	Sarin gas attack on the subway5)
Biological Disaster	impossible	partially possible	Chronic nonspecific symptom	vaccine antimicrobials	COVID-197)
Radiological/ Nuclear Disaster	impossible	possible	Chronic nonspecific symptom	decontaminating drugs	Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident6)
Explosive Disaster	impossible	partially possible	Acute trauma	none	Conflicts, bombings