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. 2025 Jul 30;12:1605016. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1605016

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Copyright © 2025 Fan, Yu, Tan, Ma and Men.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart detailing the selection process of elderly participants in the CHNS 2011 study. Starting with 3754 participants, 125 were excluded for missing dietary data, 31 for mental/psychiatric disorders, 1072 for follow-up loss, 94 for missing cognitive data, and 259 for missing covariates, resulting in a final sample of 2174 participants. — Flow diagram of the study sample selection.