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. 2025 Jul 30;13:1603244. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1603244

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Copyright © 2025 Xu, Xu and Wu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Four line graphs (A, B, C, D) show trends from 1990 to 2021. Graph A depicts incidence numbers and rates, Graph B shows prevalence numbers and rates, Graph C illustrates death numbers and rates, and Graph D displays DALYs numbers and rates. Each graph uses bar charts for male and female data, with shaded areas indicating rates. All graphs exhibit a general downward trend over time. — Comparison of age-standardized incidence, prevalence, death, and DALYs among men and women globally from 1990 to 2021. (A) Instances of incidents and ASIR; (B) Instances of prevalence and ASPR; (C) cases of deaths and ASMR; (D) counts of DALYs and ASDR. Bar charts show counts, and lines show rates normalized for age.