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. 2025 Aug 12;151(8):229. doi: 10.1007/s00432-025-06282-y

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — PON2 as a key regulator of oxidative stress and apoptosis in cancer progression. Abbreviation: PON2: paraoxonase 2; Cyt C: cytochrome c; ROS: reactive oxygen species; CHOP: C/EBP homologous protein; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; INK: INK4 family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors; IRE1: Inositol-Requiring Enzyme 1; TRAF2: TNF Receptor–Associated Factor 2; ASK1: Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase 1