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. 2025 Jul 29;16:1607903. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1607903

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Copyright © 2025 Zhang, Liu, Yang, Zhu, Yang, Li, Yan, Liu, Yue, Li, Li, Xu and Jiang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A table displays a certainty assessment for randomized trials with categories such as number of studies, study design, risk of bias, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision, and other considerations. The number of patients and effect size are included, with metrics like mean difference (MD) and confidence intervals (CI). There are four sections: PSQI, TST, SE, and SL, each with respective details about study characteristics and certainty ratings, including low, moderate, and high certainty, and a description of importance marked as critical. — Results of evidence assessment using GRADE quality.