Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Sample size (T/C) | Age (year, mean ±SD; or range) | Gender, Female (%) | Treatment | Control | Follow-up (w) |
Outcome | PI duration (year) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cao et al. (17) | 36/36 | 38.5 ± 14 | 0.56 | AC | PLA | 4w | SE, TST | 1.2 |
| Gao and Luo (18) | 22/18 | 44.67 ± 11.26 | 0.55 | AC | BZD | 4w | PSQI | 5.3 |
| Li et al. (19) | 30/30 | 18–70 | NA | AC | BZD | 4w | PSQI | NA |
| Zhang et al. (20) | 33/33 | 51.7 ± 2.3 | 0.59 | CBT | NBZD | 6 M | PSQI | NA |
| Zhao et al. (21) | 45/45 | 43.97 ± 9.32 | 0.6 | AC | BZD | 4w | PSQI | 1 |
| Xuan et al. (22) | 24/22 | 48.96 ± 11.96 | 0.54 | AC | BZD | 4w | PSQI, TST | 5.31 |
| Li et al. (23) | 20/20 | 50.0 ± 3.49 | 0.55 | AC | PLA | 4w | PSQI | 0.72 |
| 20/20 | 50.0 ± 3.00 | 0.58 | BZD | PLA | 4w | PSQI | 0.72 | |
| 20/20 | 50.0 ± 3.49 | 0.58 | AC | BZD | 4w | PSQI | 0.72 | |
| Jiang (24) | 60/60 | 18–75 | NA | RT | NBZD | 4w | PSQI | NA |
| Feng et al. (25) | 43/37 | 53.57 ± 16.56 | 0.68 | rTMS | PLA | 1w | PSQI | 0.69 |
| Tu et al. (26) | 19/14 | 44.56 ± 8.05 | 0.55 | AC | PLA | 4w | PSQI | NA |
| Jespersen et al. (27) | 19/19 | 51.13 ± 9.6 | 0.79 | RT | PLA | 4w | PSQI | NA |
| Jacobs et al. (28) | 15/15 | 46.85 ± 8.9 | 0.70 | RT | PLA | 8w | SL, TST, SE | 9.55 |
| 15/15 | 46.00 ± 9.56 | 0.73 | NBZD | PLA | 8w | SL, TST, SE | 9.35 | |
| 15/15 | 46.25 ± 8.61 | 0.70 | RT | NBZD | 8w | SL, TST, SE | 10 | |
| Edinger et al. (29) | 25/25 | 55.75 ± 10.77 | 0.80 | CBT | PLA | 6 W | TST, SE | 13.9 |
| 25/25 | 55.1 ± 9.77 | 0.80 | RT | PLA | 7 W | TST, SE | 14 | |
| 25/25 | 55.15 ± 11.1 | 0.73 | CBT | RT | 8 W | TST, SE | 13.1 | |
| Siu et al. (30) | 105/110 | 67.3 ± 6.8 | 0.8 | RT | PLA | 12 W | PSQI | 10.37 |
| Yin et al. (31) | 36/36 | 38.5 ± 14.0 | 0.56 | AC | PLA | 4 W | TST | NA |
| Lee et al. (32) | 46/45 | 51.94 ± 8.8 | 0.75 | AC | PLA | 12 W | PSQI, TST, SE, SL | 6.31 |
| Ritterband et al. (33) | 22/22 | 44.86 ± 11.03 | 0.77 | CBT | PLA | 9 W | TST, SE, SL | 10.59 |
| Yeung et al. (34) | 30/30 | 48.0 ± 9.0 | 0.77 | AC | PLA | 3 W | PSQI, TST, SE, SL | 9.3 |
| Vanstraten et al. (35) | 59/59 | 49.4 ± 12.9 | 0.70 | CBT | PLA | 6 W | SE, SL | 11.8 |
| Scharf et al. (36) | 221/214 | 45.42 ± 11.28 | 0.61 | BZD | PLA | 3 M | TST, SL | NA |
| Feng et al. (37) | 17/17 | 38.15 ± 10.83 | 0.65 | CUP | PLA | 4 W | PSQI | 3.97 |
| 16/17 | 41.15 ± 10.8 | 0.58 | BZD | PLA | 4 W | PSQI | 3.97 | |
| 17/16 | 39.49 ± 10.92 | 0.58 | CUP | BZD | 4 W | PSQI | 3.97 | |
| Yeung et al. (38) | 70/70 | 42.1 ± 13.0 | 0.80 | AC | PLA | 5 W | TST, SE, SL | 5.3 |
| Khalsa and Goldstein (39) | 20/20 | 42.15 ± 10.55 | 0.63 | RT | SH | 8 W | PSQI, TST, SE, SL | NA |
| Riemann et al. (40) | 18/18 | 47.02 ± 10.73 | 0.42 | BZD | PLA | 4 W | PSQI, TST, SE, SL | NA |
| Passos et al. (41) | 12/12 | 44.4 ± 8 | 0.79 | RT | PLA | 24H | TST, SE, SL | 9.1 |
| Lo et al. (42) | 14/13 | 56.9 ± 4.66 | 1.00 | AC | PLA | 3 W | PSQI, TST, SE, SL | 16.8 |
| Morin et al. (43) | 18/18 | 64.65 ± 7.20 | 0.69 | CBT | PLA | 8 W | TST, SE | 16.6 |
| 17/18 | 64.51 ± 6.68 | 0.71 | NBZD | PLA | 8 W | TST, SE | 17 | |
| 18/17 | 64.25 ± 6.89 | 0.63 | CBT | NBZD | 8 W | TST, SE | 15.8 | |
| Wu et al. (44) | 19/17 | 38.8 ± 12.1 | 0.53 | CBT | PLA | 8 W | TST, SE, SL | 0.5 |
| 17/17 | 38.8 ± 12.1 | 0.53 | NBZD | PLA | 8 W | TST, SE, SL | 0.5 | |
| 19/17 | 38.8 ± 12.1 | 0.53 | CBT | NBZD | 8 W | TST, SE, SL | 0.5 | |
| Fu et al. (45) | 37/37 | 52.5 ± 5.56 | 1.00 | AC | PLA | 3 W | TST, SE, SL | 0.25 |
| Espie et al. (46) | 107/94 | 54.26 ± 14.9 | 0.68 | CBT | PLA | 2 W | TST, SE, SL | 0.5 |
| Abedian et al. (47) | 37/36 | 51 ± 4.44 | 1.00 | AP | PLA | 4 W | PSQI, SE, SL | 1 |
| Huang et al. (48) | 18/18 | 45.08 ± 11.09 | 0.50 | PT | PLA | 10d | PSQI | 0.25 |
| Tang et al. (49) | 38/38 | 45 ± 9.98 | 0.66 | AP | BZD | 1 M | PSQI | 1.67 |
| Wang and Zhou (50) | 35/35 | 53.98 ± 4.81 | 0.57 | AP | AC | 4 W | PSQI | 4.31 |
| Lin et al. (51) | 46/44 | 67.05 ± 6.28 | 0.50 | AC | CBT | 8 W | PSQI | 4.8 |
| Wang et al. (52) | 33/30 | 73 ± 6 | 0.59 | AC | BZD | 4 W | PSQI | 1.2 |
| Zhang et al. (53) | 30/30 | 78.07 ± 2.98 | 0.42 | RT | Wait List | 8 W | PSQI | 5.43 |
| Xu et al. (54) | 27/27 | 68.15 ± 7.25 | 0.44 | CBT | BZD | 4 W | PSQI | 6.51 |
| Liang (55) | 35/35 | 68 ± 6 | 0.57 | AC | BZD | 1 M | PSQI | 5.41 |
| Yu and Gao (56) | 28/28 | 71.8 ± 5.25 | 0.52 | AC | BZD | 4 W | PSQI | 4.71 |
| Christina et al. (57) | 11/9 | 77.2 ± 8 | 0.65 | CBT | SH | 1 W | TST, SE, SL | 10.6 |
| Edinger et al. (58) | 20/20 | 54.2 ± 13.7 | 0.125 | CBT | SH | 2 W | TST, SE, SL | 10 |
| Espie et al. (59) | 55/55 | 49 ± 13.5 | 0.73 | CBT | PLA | 6 W | TST, SE, SL | 5.62 |
| Jernelov et al. (60) | 44/43 | 47.9 ± 13.9 | 0.82 | CBT | Wait List | 1 W | TST, SE, SL | 11.8 |
| Kaldo et al. (61) | 73/75 | 48.01 ± 15.38 | 0.78 | CBT | PLA | 8 W | TST, SE, SL | 10.5 |
| Lichstein et al. (62) | 27/23 | 68.08 ± 6.98 | 0.72 | RT | PLA | 2 W | TST, SE, SL | 9.17 |
| Lovato et al. (63) | 86/32 | 63.76 ± 6.45 | 0.5 | CBT | Wait List | 4 W | TST, SE, SL | 5 |
| Sivertsen et al. (64) | 9/8 | 60.51 ± 5.54 | 0.38 | CBT | NBZD | 2 W | TST, SE, SL | 14.81 |
| 9/6 | 60.6 ± 4.53 | 0.53 | CBT | PLA | 2 W | TST, SE, SL | 14.28 | |
| 8/6 | 61.51 ± 5.94 | 0.54 | NBZD | PLA | 2 W | TST, SE, SL | 12.97 | |
| Wei et al. (65) | 40/40 | 47.53 ± 12.71 | 0.65 | AP | BZD | 3 W | PSQI | 2.1 |
| Wei et al. (66) | 40/40 | 40.15 ± 5.19 | 0.69 | AP | BZD | 10D | PSQI | 0.17 |
| Yang et al. (67) | 31/32 | 46.51 ± 12.43 | 0.63 | AP | BZD | 2 W | PSQI | 5.8 |
| Zhuang (68) | 50/50 | 48.49 ± 2.26 | 0.45 | AP | BZD | 3 W | PSQI | 4.03 |
| Wei et al. (69) | 30/30 | 47.23 ± 12.58 | 0.53 | AP | BZD | 12D | PSQI | 2.2 |
T, treatment group; C, control group; w, week; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; TST, Total Sleep Time; SE, Sleep Efficiency; SL, Sleep Latency; AC, Acupuncture; CBT, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; AP, Acupressure; RT, Relaxation Therapy; CUP, Cupping Therapy; SH, Sleep Hygiene; rTMS, Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; BZD, Benzodiazepines; NBZD, Non-benzodiazepine Drugs; PLA, Placebo (sham acupuncture or sham treatment); Wait List, waiting list. ICD, Diagnosis Systems: International Classification of Diseases; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; NA, Not Available.