Table 2.

Functions of biomarkers GFAP and S100β for astrocytes in perinatal brain injury

Functions	References
GFAP
Support blood–brain barrier structures	( Jurga, Paleczna, Kadluczka, and Kuter, 2021 )
Affect the morphological and functional plasticity of astrocytes	(Lin, Yang, Chang, and Perng, 2021 )
Improve neonatal HIE-induced neurobehavioral disorders	( Yang et al. 2019 )
S100β
Regulate intracellular calcium homeostasis and participate in adjacent astrocyte gap junction channels	( Juneja et al. 2019; Ryczko et al. 2021 )
Induce overexpression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and neuroinflammation	( Langeh and Singh 2021; Zanoletti et al. 2023 )
Exhibit behavioral memory impairment	( Mader et al., 2022; Mari et al. 2019 )

GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein; HIE hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy