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. 2025 Jul 30;16:1566356. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1566356

Table 5.

Severity of nicotine dependence across mental disorder diagnoses (FTND Criteria).

Dependence level Schizophrenia (n=217) Bipolar disorder (n=122) Schizoaffective disorder (n=11) Paranoid disorder (n=4) Epilepsy-related mental disorders (n=8) Intellectual disability with mental disorders (n=22)
Very low 19 (8.76) 10 (8.20) 1 (9.09) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 3 (13.64)
Low 54 (24.88) 33 (27.05) 4 (36.36) 3 (75.00) 0 (0.00) 5 (22.73)
Moderate 32 (14.75) 19 (15.57) 1 (9.09) 0 (0.00) 1 (12.50) 2 (9.09)
High 78 (35.94) 44 (36.07) 5 (45.46) 1 (25.00) 5 (62.50) 7 (31.81)
Very high 34 (15.67) 16 (13.11) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 2 (25.00) 5 (22.73)

FTND, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence.